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duncan228
06-14-2009, 02:06 PM
Three parts to this:

Conspiracy charges hard to swallow
Superstars don't get the calls
What's wrong and how to fix it

The state of officiating: Conspiracy charges hard to swallow (http://www.nba.com/2009/news/features/david_aldridge/06/13/refs1/)
By David Aldridge, TNT analyst

For weeks, TNT analyst David Aldridge has been delving into the state of officiating in the NBA, trying to separate the perception of the league's referees and how they do their job with the reality of it. He's heard from fans, talked to officials, debated with owners and gone straight to the top, to NBA commissioner David Stern.

Here is the first of Aldridge's three-part, in-depth examination:

Grab some coffee. And a donut. This is going to take a while. But it's important.

Seven years ago, after the infamous Game 6 of the 2003 Western Conference finals between the Lakers and Kings, I wrote a column saying that the NBA has a perception problem.

The problem was not that there was, in fact, a conspiracy on the part of league officials, in concert with their referees, to ensure that big-market teams and/or superstar players advance in the postseason. The problem wasn't even that crazy people could believe in such things.

The problem, I wrote, was that there were a lot of reasonable, non-crazy people who believed there was a conspiracy on the part of league officials, in concert with their referees, to ensure that big-market teams and/or superstar players advance in the postseason.

These were not crackpots. These were people who liked basketball, maybe even loved it, who were book smart and street smart, who didn't see biblical faces in a block of cheese or hear voices in their heads. But they thought something was rotten in Denmark -- if Denmark was the NBA's mid-Manhattan offices.

Fast-forward seven years, during which time, among other events, Tim Donaghy delighted us with his presence and accusations. The perception that something in the league is amiss remains strong, if my inbox is any anecdotal indication.

And if people don't believe the NBA is legit, then what's the point of all of this?

Last month, I wrote a column decrying the wingnuts and loons (http://www.nba.com/2009/news/features/david_aldridge/05/28/daily.dose/index.html)that, this time around, just knew the fix was in on the NBA's part in order to assure that Kobe Bryant and LeBron James would meet in The Finals. Every whistle against their team -- if their team wasn't L.A. or Cleveland -- only proved it. Reality destroyed that thesis, with Orlando beating the Cavaliers in six games. But next year, when the Playoffs begin again, so will the conspiracy talk.

Forget that such a conspiracy would have to involve, at minimum, dozens of people -- at the league office, among the refs and their associates and, in all likelihood, the networks. None of these people could talk. Ever. All would have to be paid for their silence in perpetuity.

Is that even possible? Is it remotely realistic?

A longtime front office team official says thusly: "If the league gave any indication --either directly or tacitly -- to the referees that it wanted a certain player or a certain team to win in the Playoffs, it would be in the press within an hour."

Yet a lot of people still think such a thing is possible. And that is still a problem for the NBA.

The best thing that any sports league has going for it is the idea that the outcome of its games is determined solely by the participants -- all of whom should be playing on an equal footing (i.e., without performance-enhancing drugs) -- with referees and/or umpires in place to make sure that the game is played fairly and within the rules. Other factors (where the game is played, the experience level of the players on each team, fatigue, etc.) are variables that can impact the outcome, but the performance of the players and coaches is the key determinant. If that is not the case, you have professional wrestling, an athletic competition in which the result is scripted and/or preordained.

The good news: The vast majority of people who responded to my latest column agreed overwhelmingly that such conspiracy talk is madness, and doesn't stand up to the least amount of scrutiny.

The bad news: A minority, perhaps small but nonetheless vocal, disagreed. It's likely the same minority that tyrannizes local sports talk radio stations and dominates sports websites and is, in all likelihood, frustrated that its team didn't advance past the Lakers or Cavs. Or the Spurs or Pistons in years past.

But among that minority were many who claimed to be basketball fans, and NBA fans in particular, who love the game but can't escape the nagging suspicion that something is wrong.

Within that minority is another subgroup: people who simply think that NBA officiating has been horrible in the Playoffs and can't understand why the league doesn't fix it. The terrible officiating feeds these folks' suspicions.

Well, guess what?

I don't necessarily disagree.

I think the officiating in these Playoffs has left a lot to be desired. Too many calls at crucial minutes of games have been flat-out wrong. Antoine Wright did foul Carmelo Anthony intentionally in Game 3 of the Mavericks-Nuggets series. Chauncey Billups did step out of bounds before hitting a clutch three in Game 2 of Lakers-Nuggets. Rajon Rondo did flagrantly foul Brad Miller in the final seconds of Game 5 of Celtics-Bulls. NBA commissioner David Stern, at his pre-Finals news conference, said that his referees get calls right 92 percent of the time.

That's great. That's also not good enough.

"You try to improve it," Stern said. "People question your refereeing, you do it. People question certain things, you have instant replay. But the reality is that there is some percentage of referee calls that are wrong, and each one gives the opportunity for complaint and the like."

I don't think that 8 percent misfire rate is because anyone's on the take. It's because refs, believe it or not, are human. They make mistakes.

What's being done about those mistakes? Now we have something to talk about ...

So let's get everything on the table. The refs, the conspiracy theories, all of it.

The arguments of the pro-conspiracy/anti-ref groups fall into a few categories:

The conspiracy doesn't have to work to be a conspiracy.

These fans believe that the league doesn't specifically order a given result; i.e., Lakers-Cavs in the Finals, but attempts only to nudge the odds that way.

"... Referees can try to take a game away from a team with very questionable calls. The better team will win regardless. So David Stern can send his politicians (the referees) out there to TRY and fix a game, but great teams will overcome the BS calls and superstar treatment.
-- Stan Pinkston

"...It is by no means a conspiracy set in stone by David Stern wherein Stern states 'the Finals will be between these two teams' ... it is actually a conspiracy where Stern and league executives state, 'Let's see if we can nudge these two high-ratings teams into the finals; let's see what we can do to help them....'"
-- Chris Philbrick

"... I don't think most fans think that you can rig a complete series by just officiating. You can, however, sway the series by officiating. If one team is just better and beats another team, there is nothing that the officials or Stern can do to keep that team from advancing ..."
-- Joel Larson

Does it trouble you, I asked Stern before Game 1 of The Finals, that there is a sizeable number of fans -- fans who like professional basketball -- who genuinely believe that the NBA, whether successful or not, attempts to rig the outcome of its postseason tournament?

"That just demonstrates the corrosive effect that repetitions of libels and slanders can have," he said. "It becomes easy to make it some conventional wisdom. But I don't believe that the record numbers of people that are tuning into our games are tuning in for anything but the spectacular competition -- unscripted drama -- that it represents. If they want scripted drama, I would send them to the WWE. Vince McMahon does it better than anybody. If they want unscripted drama, I think we do it as well as anybody."

Do players believe, I asked Derek Fisher, the Lakers' guard, that either referees intentionally blow games, or that the league instructs them to make calls that favor one team over another?

"No," said Fisher, also the president of the National Basketball Players' Association. "Not that officials conspire to throw games, no. Guys do talk about how are game is obviously a business. And you heard guys in the last series mention that 'everybody,'" -- here, Fisher makes the air quotes with his fingers -- "'wants to see the Lakers and Cavs play in the Finals.' We have those kinds of talks. But I've never heard anybody feel that the referees themselves have a vested interest in who wins and loses."

Stern ticks off the things that the league has done in previous years to respond to complaints from teams and fans alike: rules changes to make the game more open, the Draft Lottery to halt the belief that teams were deliberately tanking to improve their Draft position, increasing transparency with officials and officiating.

There is, also, the revamping of the Operations Department. The NBA hired former two-star general Ronald Johnson to supervise the officials' department this year, splitting the former job of Stu Jackson, now the league's executive vice president of basketball operations, in two. Former referee Bernie Fryer now is the supervisor of officials and works with Johnson, with the former supervisor, Ronnie Nunn, acting as a roving instructor for young officials. Referees have been graded on an increased basis for the past several years, with every call made by every referee in every game graded for its accuracy, or lack thereof, both by observers at each game as well as group supervisors that float around the league. Refs are quizzed weekly on a database that allows them to review tough calls.

The referees' preseason camps have been opened to the media for the past several years. This year, referee assignments were made public as of 9 a.m. on gamedays on NBA.com, instead of the previous time of 90 minutes before tipoff. This was because part of the inside information Donaghy provided to gamblers were the ref crews. The league also vowed to do more intensive studies of statistical trends in NBA games, to see if there were correlations between those trends and gambling trends.

Some of these changes were responses to recommendations in last year's Pedowitz Report, issued by former prosecutor Lawrence Pedowitz, that found no indication that any other referee other than Donaghy bet on games or nefariously influenced the outcome of games. Pedowitz determined that a number of referees had been gambling in casinos during the offseason, in violation of then-existing rules that barred officials from being in casinos. (The league has since relaxed those rules.)

Despite the increased scrutiny and training, many still think that the NBA seeks a given outcome.

So, how do you explain Knicks-Heat in 1997 and Spurs-Suns a decade later?

The league, in 1997, suspended five Knicks players, including three starters -- Patrick Ewing, Allan Houston and Larry Johnson -- after a fight between New York's Charlie Ward and Miami's P.J. Brown in the final seconds of Game 5 of the Eastern Conference semifinals -- a game won by Miami but one that left the Knicks up 3-2 in the series. Ward, Houston and Ewing, the team's All-Star center, were suspended for Game 6; Johnson and Starks had to sit out Game 7. (Brown got two games from the league.) Ewing, who had been on the bench when the fight began, stood at midcourt, nowhere near the fight. Johnson tried to stop the fight. And yet, they were both sent home -- Ewing for Game 6, Johnson for Game 7.

With the Knicks' bench in tatters, Miami won both games and the series.

New York was 57-25 that season and a legitimate title contender. A Knicks' victory would have set up a New York-Chicago conference final, a ratings dream between storied rivals, in the No. 1 and No. 3 markets in the country. The league destroyed that potential matchup with one ruling from Rod Thorn, then the league's vice president of operations. It followed the letter of its law, right or wrong.

The next day, "I had 350 voice mails," recalled Thorn, now the president of the Nets, and he knew it was 350 because his answering machine cut off. "Three hundred forty-two of them were negative, and around 10 of them I had to give to Horace Balmer (then the league's director of security). You know, 'I know where you live, and I will shoot you' ... People were enraged."

In 2007, the NBA suspended Phoenix Suns Amare Stoudemire and Boris Diaw one game each for coming off the bench during an altercation between the Spurs' Robert Horry and the Suns' Steve Nash in the waning seconds of Phoenix's Game 4 victory in the Western Conference semis that tied the series at 2-2. In doing so, the league severely hurt the NBA's most exciting, fan-friendly team.

Fans loved the Suns' fast-break style and their telegenic stars, including Nash, the two-time league MVP. Phoenix is a much larger media market than San Antonio -- 12th highest in the country, compared to San Antonio's 37th-highest, according to Nielsen numbers for 2007-08. (Indeed, among NBA media markets, only Memphis, 47th in the United States, and New Orleans, 53rd, are smaller than San Antonio).

The Spurs, as I've explained before, are ratings killers, having participated in three of the four lowest-rated Finals in history. Their superstar, Tim Duncan, says next to nothing to the media and doesn't have annual postseason ad campaigns from the shoe companies that could potentially boost his Q ratings.

Horry got a two-game suspension for pushing Nash and then shoving Phoenix guard Raja Bell, but that was a trade the Spurs would take every time. San Antonio went on to win the pivotal Game 5 over the Stoudemire/Diaw-less Suns, and took the series. Phoenix fans, players and team officials howled at what they believed was biased treatment in San Antonio's favor -- and they've never really moved past it. That was Phoenix's last, best chance to win a championship.

This wasn't a bang-bang call by a referee. This was the NBA deliberately stepping in, knowing it was going to change the tenor of the series, and doing harm to the aspirations of the league's most popular team. Surely, if the league was attempting to nudge the more popular Suns toward the Finals, and a date with LeBron's Cavs, it would have overlooked Stoudemire's size 17s taking a few non-threatening steps toward the fray. It would have made up some explanation that would have kept Phoenix's dominant forward on the court for Game 5 -- the winner of which, when an NBA series is tied 2-2, goes on to win that series 83 percent of the time. But it didn't. It made a very, very unpopular call that led to near-overwhelming criticism from local and national media.

As I said last week, if Stern and his fellow executives are trying to put a thumb on the scale, whether it's trying to rig the Lottery for the Knicks or to get Dwyane Wade back in the Finals, they either are incompetent at it or go about it in a very odd way.

In science, there is a principle known as Occam's Razor, which states that if there are two theories, the simpler one is more likely to be correct. Is it not more likely that teams sink or swim on their own merits rather than being aided by some large, ongoing, decades-long conspiracy?

"We have a league where Chicago hasn't been successful, New York hasn't been successful recently," Stern said. "San Antonio has. Detroit has. It's a great league. But at some point we have to just keep pushing and eliminate the crackpot ideas, even if they're somewhat conveniently embraced by some people at the margin."

duncan228
06-14-2009, 02:06 PM
The state of officiating: Superstars don't get all the calls (http://www.nba.com/2009/news/features/david_aldridge/06/13/refs2/index.html)
By David Aldridge, TNT analyst

For weeks, TNT analyst David Aldridge has been delving into the state of officiating in the NBA, trying to separate the perception of the league's referees and how they do their job with the reality of it. He's heard from fans, talked to officials, debated with owners and gone straight to the top, to NBA commissioner David Stern.

Here is the second of Aldridge's three-part, in-depth examination.

I hear the whispers wherever I go and see the complaints whenever I open my e-mail. Here are a few more against the league from the pro-conspiracy/anti-refs crowd:

Call every foul. A foul in the first quarter should be a foul in the fourth quarter.

This is the Mark Cuban argument; that there should be no such thing as "putting the whistles away" in the final minutes of games. On the face of it, this is perfectly reasonable, and most likely to produce a fair outcome. It drives everyone crazy when it appears the game is officiated differently in the last minute of play because the refs don't want to influence the game's outcome. Of course, the exact opposite is true: By not making the right call, the referees are influencing the outcome. It was neither Brad Miller nor the Bulls' fault that Rajon Rondo whacked him upside the head as Miller drove the basket in the final seconds of Game 5 of the Bulls' first-round series against the Celtics in what clearly appeared to be a flagrant foul.

But Mark Wunderlich, Joe DeRosa and Sean Corbin didn't call one, a woozy Miller missed two free throws and the Bulls lost that pivotal game. The next day, the league backed them up and didn't upgrade Rondo's foul to a Flagrant 1.

Such bang-bang calls, made in real time, are part of the day-to-day lives of officials.

"Their job is to get every call right," says Mavericks coach Rick Carlisle, the president of the National Basketball Coaches' Association. "Whether it's early in the game, late in the game, preseason, the regular season or the Finals. It isn't going to be perfect. People are human. Mistakes are going to be made. When those things happen, you have to deal with them and then you move forward."

I agree. But as to the larger issue of calling every foul, I disagree.

If refs call every foul throughout 48 minutes of an NBA game, there would be three players by the end. Games would be three hours long. Each team would shoot 30-40 free throws per game.

Given the size, speed and coordination of today's NBA player -- not to mention the rules changes that have made it almost impossible to guard any skilled offensive player -- everyone on the court commits way more than six fouls during the course of a game. But the officials don't foul everyone out. They use some discretion, just like NFL refs don't call holding on every play.

If NBA refs were went strictly by the rules book, the risk of a season being decided with superstars on the bench instead of on the floor would increase dramatically. Does anyone really want that?

The refs don't call anything on LeBron and Kobe. They get away with murder.

"... It just seemed like the stars always get the calls in the NBA, and the rookies don't. Maybe I think this is why there is a conspiracy theory that the teams with the stars get favorable treatment from the refs and other people. David Stern almost seems to issue this kind of directive to the refs to call games these days ..."
-- Michael Nelson

"... We tolerate superstar calls because we have to: Kobe, Shaq, Rip. It isn't fair, and they diminish what I consider to be the greatest of all the team sports ... I'm not a conspiracy theorist, but I haven't drunk the Coolaid (sp) that you have: I love the game too much to cover my eyes ..."
-- Gregory W. Pinney

"I am a diehard basketball fan on all levels, & watch the playoffs, with guys who are former players on every level except the pro level and a few who are refs on the college levels, and they see calls by the refs that favor the star players ..."
-- Chuckie Longs

Let's look at the numbers. The most accurate gauge of what players get whistled the most would seem, to me, to be average fouls called on that player per game (you can't use total fouls; those would be skewed higher for players whose teams play longer in the postseason).

Before The Finals began, 198 players on the 16 playoff teams had committed at least one foul in the postseason. Bryant had committed an average of 2.6 fouls per game, which ranked somewhere between 63rd and 70th in the league among those 198 players. The scale is because seven other players also had committed an average of 2.6 fouls in the Playoffs: Bryant's teammate, Fisher; Atlanta forward Mo Evans; San Antonio's Tony Parker and Kurt Thomas; Miami rookie guard Daequan Cook; Chicago's Kirk Hinrich and Denver's Dahntay Jones.

James had been whistled for 2.1 fouls per game, tied for 90th in the league, along with Dallas' Dirk Nowitzki and Houston's Ron Artest and Chuck Hayes.

Those averages would mean Bryant is actually about in the top third among players called for fouls in the playoffs. And James is, roughly, in the middle.

But, you may say, those numbers still could be skewed. Bryant and James are starters. Guys coming off the bench, who are playing fewer minutes, are likely to have fewer fouls called per game on them.

Fair enough. So let's limit the search to starters, and see where Bryant and James fall on that scale.

Bryant, remember, averages 2.6 fouls. So does Fisher, a starter. Atlanta's Evans comes off the bench. Parker starts for the Spurs; Thomas is a reserve. So is Miami's Cook. Hinrich is a nominal bench player but he frequently was on the floor at the ends of games for Chicago. Jones started for the Nuggets.

Starters that averaged fewer than 2.6 fouls per game entering the Finals included Boston's Ray Allen, Orlando's Rafer Alston and Portland's Brandon Roy (each averaging 2.5 fouls called per game). At 2.4 fouls: Houston's Shane Battier, the Mavericks' Josh Howard and Jason Kidd and Denver's Chauncey Billups. No one had averaged 2.3 fouls per game entering the Finals. At 2.2: the Spurs' Tim Duncan, Atlanta's Joe Johnson and Houston's Aaron Brooks. Nowitzki and Artest, as noted above, checked in at 2.1 fouls per game with James. Below James, at an even 2 fouls per game were the Spurs' starters Matt Bonner, Roger Mason and Bruce Bowen and Cleveland's Delonte West. Orlando's Courtney Lee had averaged 1.9 fouls per game entering the Finals. The Magic's Rashard Lewis and Dallas' sixth-man-in-name only Jason Terry were at 1.8 fouls. New Orleans' Chris Paul averaged 1.6. The 76ers' Andre Iguodala was at 1.5. And Detroit's Tayshaun Prince averaged just 1 foul per game in Detroit's first-round series.

One NBA head coach -- let's call him Coach A, because, obviously, I can't give you his real name -- thinks that if referees show any bias, it's not toward the superstars but toward young players.

"I think the longer you play, the more (officials) know how you play," coach A says. "So that's the way you're officiated. (Young players) don't get the benefit of the doubt because the referees don't know their game."

Bottom line: A lot of starters in the postseason were whistled for as many or fewer fouls per game than Bryant and James, and that wouldn't be the case if Bryant and James "got every call." And bigger than any stats is this: Bryant and James are both excellent defensive players, who use their feet, read angles and hustle. They are on teams that play defense without fouling, which would help explain why so many of their teammates are on the list with them. (It's no surprise to find so many Spurs on this list, is it? I wrote about San Antonio's philosophy of not fouling on defense before the Playoffs began.)

At the other end of the court, are there some phantom calls against Bryant's and James's defenders? Sure. But they also get fouled a lot because they're unstoppable offensive forces. Once James gets his shoulders past you, you're done. The only way to stop him from dunking is to foul him, and foul him hard. Bryant's footwork is impeccable, and he's a crafty veteran who, like Allen Iverson and Billups and Gilbert Arenas and others, knows how to draw contact and get to the line.

Officiating should be transparent, and it's not.

I think this means you expect officials to be held accountable when they make mistakes, and that they should be replaced if they have a history of making mistakes.

But when Mark Wunderlich blew that call in Game 3 of Mavericks-Nuggets on May 9, when the Mavericks' Wright tried to give an intentional foul on Anthony in the final seconds, with Dallas up two and with a foul to give, and Wunderlich didn't blow the whistle, and Anthony drained the game-winning 3-pointer, it took the league only two hours to release a statement acknowledging that Wunderlich blew it.

"At the end of the Dallas-Denver game this evening, the officials missed an intentional foul committed by Antoine Wright on Carmelo Anthony, just prior to Anthony's three-point basket," the NBA's president of league and basketball operations, Joel Litvin, wrote.

That's pretty transparent to me. And it was pretty transparent to Carlisle -- who classily did not hang Wunderlich out to dry afterward.

Others disagreed, saying it was worse that the league admitted its refs blew the call.

"People can argue whether that was a good thing," Carlisle said. "But any time you put truth and honesty first, I just can't see where that could ever be a bad thing."

Cuban, whose ongoing pressure over the years on the league to improve its officiating and grading procedures has led to many innovations, had advocated for years that a person be brought from the outside to supervise the officials -- someone who wasn't a former referee and not part of the various geographic cliques that dominate the referee ranks. The hiring of General Johnson has assuaged many of Cuban's concerns about that supervisory position.

The Mavs' owner also thinks much of the very transparency fans seek in officials already is in place. That is why, in part, conspiracy theories take hold.

"The reality," Cuban wrote to me via e-mail, "is that it would be very, very easy although time-consuming for any media outlet or blogger to go through the calls of any and every game and come to their own conclusions. I think you should do just that David."

Bill Simmons wrote an impassioned critique of the officials on ESPN.com a few weeks ago. Simmons cares deeply about the NBA, writes very well and very funny, and has a historical understanding of the game and how it's evolved. Anyone who likes pro basketball as much as he does is OK with me.

But a big part of his column was an assertion that the league takes way too long to replace its officials, some of whom are now in their 60s. Surely, Simmons wrote (and I'm paraphrasing here), the reactions and reflexes of refs with that much mileage have to be slower than they were when those guys were in their 30s. And couldn't that explain some of the poor calls we're seeing?

I hold in my hand the 2005-2006 NBA Officials Media Guide. In it is the name of each of the 63 refs that worked NBA regular season games that season, along with six that only worked preseason games.

In my other hand I hold the 2008-2009 NBA Officials Media Guide. Also with the names of the 61 refs that worked NBA regular season games this season, along with five that worked only preseason games. (Two fewer full-time refs; one fewer preseason ref than three years ago? I dunno ... the recession?)

Seven referees that worked games three years ago are gone from the 2008-09 staff. One is Donaghy. We know what happened there. But there are six others who are gone as well. Six refs replaced, for one reason or another, out of 63. That's 9.5 percent of the total workforce turned over in three years. Is that not a reasonable rate of replacement? Is it reasonable to assume that that percentage of the workforce was the least able to continue officiating at a professional level, whether it was because of age, injury, retirement, or whatever?

Does that mean the other refs are beyond reproach? Of course not. Nor does it mean that they aren't susceptible to blowing calls, making poor decisions or that they could, possibly, be up to something more sinister. The point I'm trying to make is that there is a fairly regular turnover of officials (and three more -- Luis Grillo, Jim Clark and Jack Nies -- will be retiring after the Finals), and if the pool of remaining refs is older, perhaps it's because they, with more experience, call a better, cleaner, more consistent game.

Or, maybe not. It's just an opinion.

Wunderlich, who blew the call in the Mavericks-Nuggets game and who was one of the officials that didn't call a flagrant on Rondo against Miller, is 50 years old. If you're 50 and can run up and down a basketball court for two hours, four times a week, seven or eight months out of the year, for 18 years, like Wunderlich, you're in way better shape than I am.

Lakers-Kings, 2002. Lakers-Kings, 2002. Lakers-Kings, 2002 ...

In large part because of Donaghy's allegations, fans point to this Western Conference finals series -- in particular, Game 6 of that series, with the Kings up 3-2 -- as prima facie evidence of conspiracy. In Game 6, the Lakers shot 27 free throws in the fourth quarter, following a series of dubious foul calls that went against the Kings, and went on to win that game and Game 7 in Sacramento. Afterward, the Kings hinted darkly about forces beyond their control that altered the outcome.

Last year, while awaiting sentencing after pleading guilty to conspiring with gamblers and giving them information about refereeing crews, Donaghy claimed to federal officials that the league had instructed its referees to "manipulate" games in order to "boost ticket sales and television ratings," and cited the 2002 Lakers-Kings game among his examples. Donaghy claimed that he learned from one of the three refs working that game that that official and another ref working the game "wanted to extend the series to seven games," and would presumably do so by helping the Lakers as much as possible.

"... After the second time the Lakers beat the Kings (with help from the officials) in the western conference finals I swore off nba basketball (i have no allegiance to the Kings). I just could not watch the product that the nba was putting out there ... I can't believe that I was the only person to be outraged by what i saw of the officiating (conspiracy or not). I can't be the only person that was outraged enough to (not) waste my time with watching the following years ..."
-- Donovan Weber

"... Real good article, but you don't address the one fact on fans' mind: what about Donnelly (sp), the ref who was convicted, wasn't he, of in fact rigging games? (just to beat Vegas spreads, but still, it's corrupt refs.) ...what's the real scoop on that whole scandal, and tell us why should we have confidence in the refs now? Has the league changed anything or just covered their butts?"
-- Gabe Scott

Donaghy's accusations, of course, have been categorically denied by the officials working the games: Ted Bernhardt (who has since retired), Dick Bavetta and Bob Delaney. And, of course, the league has dismissed his accusations as those of an admitted felon who was looking to, perhaps, cut a deal before sentencing. (Donaghy was subsequently sentenced to two 15-month jail terms, to be served concurrently, for taking money from the gamblers with whom he provided inside information and tips.)

Game 6 of the 2002 Western Conference finals troubles me more than any game I've seen or covered in 22 years of being an NBA reporter. I was there. It didn't make any sense. The calls were ... weird. But other than Donaghy's accusations, there's just no proof that anything was amiss other than three referees having a tough night. No one has stepped forward to back Donaghy up.

Three inquiries -- the Pedowitz Report, and separate investigations by the FBI and Justice Department -- have found no basis for his claims. People have been interviewed and given depositions, under oath. Lying to the Feds is, I'm pretty sure, a felony. But if anyone has any information to the contrary, you know how to reach [email protected].

I asked Stern if all the damage that could be done by Donaghy had been done.

"We've had this great year," Stern said. "I think our fans believe that our referees want to do the best possible job ... we develop them with statistics and video and the like. It's really quite a system. And over time, people will come to understand -- the people that are willing to understand -- that it's the best system that's ever been developed in professional sports for the recruitment and development of referees."

duncan228
06-14-2009, 02:08 PM
The state of officiating: What's wrong and how to fix it (http://www.nba.com/2009/news/features/david_aldridge/06/13/refs3/index.html)
By David Aldridge, TNT analyst

For weeks, TNT analyst David Aldridge has been delving into the state of officiating in the NBA, trying to separate the perception of the league's referees and how they do their job with the reality of it. He's heard from fans, talked to officials, debated with owners and gone straight to the top, to NBA commissioner David Stern.

Here is the final part of Aldridge's in-depth examination:

So, the readers will scream at me, "Is anything wrong with how the refs call games, and how the league handles its refs?"

Well, glad you asked. As a matter of fact, several things that both officials and the league could do would decrease the suspicion level that always ratchets up this time of year:

Problem: Consistency

The lack of consistency from game to game in the Playoffs is pet peeve No. 1 for players and coaches. When two teams play one another, over seven games, they develop patterns. If they find an effective way to, say, keep Dwight Howard from coming across the lane on the move to catch the ball, they'll use it again and again. But the referees don't stay the same in a series. Each game has a different crew. And different crews interpret the rules differently. So Crew No. 1 may allow contact in the post against Howard. But in the next game, Crew No. 2's interpretation is a 180-degree turn.

Coach A, whom I mentioned in Part II, said officials are inconsistent in part because the rule book has grown too big.

"There's just too many things for them to do," he said, "too many things to call. There's so many rules and interpretations, in many ways it's made the officials mechanical instead of instinctive ... their feel has been taken away by technique and mechanics. We have great referees, but they're not allowed to use their instincts ... on one play, they have to look at three seconds in the paint (by offensive players), three seconds on defense, and they have to call traveling and carrying. All on one play."

Another big part of this problem is that officials are responsible for different areas on the court, and this changes throughout the course of the game. (Warning: this gets a little wonky.)

To maximize their coverage on the court, the three referees take different places on the court, trying to form a triangle that gives each a straight line of vision. (Think of them as satellites that need a clear line to send their signals to you.) The "lead" official on a play takes position along the baseline, moving up and down to see play in the paint and whether or not balls go out of bounds. The "trail" official is about 28 feet from the basket, on the outside, looking for contact outside of the paint, like when cutters start trying to come through the lane, or when screens are set. The "slot" official is at the free throw line extended, and is looking at activity on the weak side. The lead and the trail official are supposed to stay on the same side of the court, with the slot official on the opposite side.

But the officials don't stay in those spots during the game. Depending on where the ball is, they rotate from play to play. For example, when the ball changes possession on a miss or turnover, the trail official, because he or she is closest to the other end of the court (remember, they're 28 feet from the basket), runs down court to the opposite baseline and becomes the lead official on the next possession. And if the ball moves from the strong side to the weak side, the officials rotate position; the slot becomes the trail and the trail becomes the slot.

What this means is that on one play, a referee who may let a little contact in the paint go can be the lead official. And on the very next play, at the other end of the court, the lead official could be someone else -- perhaps a ref that says any contact is a foul. That means at one end of the floor a bump isn't a foul, and at the other end, it is. That's often why, in some games, you can be physical with Shaq, but in others, you can't. And it's why coaches often are frustrated, when play at one end is different from play at the other end.

An overemphasis on "Areas of Emphasis" -- occasional crackdowns on increasingly egregious violations that occur from time to time, dictated from the home office to the officials -- also can have an effect on the Playoffs.

"They may push them to call the game a certain way, in terms of what calls to make," Fisher said. "Let's call this more. And it may impact one team more than it does the other. If you have guy in the middle like Dwight Howard and they want to call post play tighter, it's going to affect you differently than it would if you don't have a guy in the middle like Dwight Howard. We feel like those are things that the league does game by game, in particular the postseason, because there's so much focus on each game."

Asked if, and how, the Playoffs are officiated differently from the regular season, Lakers coach Phil Jackson took it back to 1992, when his Bulls played Portland in the Finals.

"Prior to the series between Portland (and Chicago), Portland was in the finals in the west with Utah," Jackson said. "If you remember, Buck Williams and Karl Malone got in just some outrageous wrestling matches, and the NBA came into The Finals with the fact that this was not the kind of basketball that we wanted to see exhibited as the NBA game. It kind of changed the context of how Portland could play. Buck Williams got fouls (against the Bulls). And I think there was kind of a mood as to how is the game going to be played."

Solution: Keep the same crews

Assign the same crew to one series, and rotate their positioning throughout the game.

If you put the same three referees on a series, each of the four to seven games is much more likely to be called the same way. With the same referees for each game, teams would be able to adjust quicker, knowing that contact, for example, is either going to be allowed, or it isn't. Officials could also get used to the same players, and the way that those players play, if they see them again and again. (They might also be less fatigued if they can sleep in the same bed for more than one night rather than having to get up at 4 a.m. to catch the first flight from, say, Miami to San Antonio for a Spurs-Nuggets playoff game after working Heat-Bulls the night before.)

And by moving the officials around more during games, there would be less chance that one ref is under one basket for most of the game calling it one way, while another ref is under the other basket calling it a different way.

Yes, there could be a problem if a ref tosses a player or coach in Game 1 and then has to see that player or coach 48 hours later. But wouldn't it better to address potential confrontations then and there, rather than wait for some time down the road?

Problem: A Fine Whine

After every playoff game, you can bet the losing coach will find a way to work this into the press conference: "And I can't say anything about the officiating, 'cause they'll fine me, but I can't understand how they shot 40 free throws and we only shot 22."

It couldn't be that his team wasn't as aggressive as the other team, or that the other team was ahead throughout the fourth quarter and thus would likely get more free throw attempts as his trailing team fouled to stop the clock. It couldn't be that they have quicksilver guards and his team has Clydesdales in the middle. It couldn't be karma or Superman reversing the tides. It could only be that the refs did his team wrong, and could they rectify that by the next game?

Officials look at TV and they read the papers. And if they've heard nothing during the preceding 48 hours than a steady whine from an opposing coach or team about Shaq's fouling, is it not possible they could think, "Hmm, maybe they have a point. Maybe I should look harder at what Shaq's doing tonight." Is it not possible that seed planted in their brain will bear fruit?

Coach A, mentioned earlier in this series, says that coaches complain because they're "just being honest" about what they've seen in a game. But coaches complain at the podium for another reason, too: (ital)It works(endital). Jackson has done this for years to great effect, whether with the Bulls or Lakers. But regardless of why they do it, to have coach after coach question the officiating after an emotional loss is tantamount to waving a red flag in front of a bull. (In this case, you fans are the bull.) It only makes fans angrier and more willing to see conspiracies against their favorite team where none may exist.

Stern takes responsibility.

"I've said this last year: I take the blame for that," he said. "I sort of accepted that (coaches) have already become crazy through the grind of the playoffs, and we try to cut them as much slack as we can."

But players are always held responsible for what they've done before. If they've done drugs once, the second time they're caught, the penalty is steeper. If they get in a fight once, the next time, they're suspended longer. And on and on. Why that isn't the same for coaches who use the postgame presser to whine over and over -- especially when it clearly seems to impact the officials working the next game -- is a mystery.

Solution: Fine the Whiners

Fine them hard -- say, $50,000 for a first offense. Fine them more if they're recidivists, and if they keep it up during a series, suspend them for a game. And fine their teams more for that recidivism, too, up to and including the forfeiture of draft picks.

That's how seriously I view the problem of coaches crying. They are saying, in essence, "The refs cheated us." They are attacking the integrity of the game. And they should not be allowed to continue doing that when the most people are paying the most attention --the postseason.

Problem: InFlagrant (Foul) Delicto

Way too many flagrant fouls are called during the Playoffs.

Some argue that there are too many technicals, too, especially considering that a player is suspended for one game in the Playoffs after his seventh technical of the postseason. But I will allow that referees have to have the discretion to send a message to a player or coach that their behavior has crossed a line.

Flagrant fouls are another issue. A Flagrant 1 foul gives the offended team two free throws and possession of the basketball. And when a player is assessed a Flagrant 2, if it is upheld by the referees after watching on replay, that player is ejected from the game. Each obviously can have a huge impact on a particular game's outcome.

In 2,460 regular season games, according to league statistics on NBA.com, a total of 94 flagrant fouls were called on 61 players. With each of the 30 teams playing 82 games, referees called, on a per-game basis, .0832 flagrant fouls a game during the regular season.

Entering Game 4 of The Finals, referees had called 16 flagrant fouls on 13 players during the playoffs. Before Game 4, there had been 83 total playoff games played -- one more than one team's regular season. That works out to a per-game average of .1977 flagrants called per game during the Playoffs -- more than double the average in the regular season. Think of it this way: If you took the entire postseason's worth of games, subtracted one and called it "The Stroms," The Stroms would have been whistled for 16 flagrants during the regular season.

Worse yet -- at least as I see it for the refs -- the league has rescinded seven of the postseason flagrant fouls, and retroactively reclassified seven fouls as flagrant that weren't considered flagrant by the referees during the game. Anthony Johnson's Flagrant 2 foul during the Orlando-Cavaliers Eastern finals against Cleveland's Mo Williams -- for which Johnson was ejected -- was rescinded. Andrew Bynum's Flagrant 1 foul for elbowing Denver's Chris Andersen in the Western Conference finals was rescinded. But the league upgraded a no-call on Denver's Dahntay Jones for tripping Bryant during those Western finals to a Flagrant 1. A New York Times story earlier this month pointed out that that was double the amount of flagrants changed one way or another just two years ago, though only a slight increase over the 12 reversals from last year's playoffs.

The standard that the league continually says is the measure by which its referees determine whether or not a foul is flagrant -- a windup by the fouling player, contact by the fouling player with the fouled player, and then follow-through -- is a slippery one. No one knows how the flagrant is going to be applied by the officials, and no one, including the referees, knows when their judgments are going to be overturned the next day by the league office.

Again, take LeBron. There is also no way to foul James lightly -- he's 260 pounds of chiseled muscle. If you try to foul him by grabbing an arm, he's taking you with him to the basket for an and-one. The only way to foul LeBron when he gets up a head of steam is to pound him. That's going to look like a flagrant a lot of the time when it's just a defender trying to stop an unstoppable force. But you can't have different rules for one guy.

Dallas' Wright had a point when he asked, after the non-foul call against Denver's Anthony that led to Anthony's hitting the game-winning three, "What do you want me to do? Do you want me to Derek Fisher him, just take him out, and then I get a flagrant foul late in the game?"

Carlisle allows that the issue of flagrant fouls is "probably the most polarizing topic right now" among coaches.

"The difficulty of officiating our game is the reason it's one of the best games to watch," he said. "In the big picture, it's really a good thing. It means your game is extremely popular and fun to watch."

With the Brawl at Auburn Hills, and the damage it did to the NBA's image and its bottom line burned into the league's psyche, officials are under enormous pressure from the league to keep anything like that from ever happening again. And, thus, there is a premium placed on keeping things "under control," not letting physical contact escalate into something more. What used to be viewed as just a normal, hard, "playoff" foul is now, too often, judged as something more sinister.

Solution: Lighten up, Francis

The league has to ease up on its referees, and it has to allow for the fact that the Playoffs are emotional and may occasionally veer toward messy. These are grown men playing for a championship. You can't instruct referees to let the players play, then try to reel them in when they play hard. Either let the contact go and live with the occasional scrap that may follow, or call every ticky-tack foul from the opening tip. The players will adjust, one way or another. But do it every game.

I don't know if you are swayed at all by all of this. I hope you are. Reporters are supposed to be skeptcial, not cynical. If there is evidence that something is rotten in the State of Stern, I promise you, I will follow it. But right now, it's not there -- no matter how hard you squint, and how much you want bogeymen to explain away the fact that Kobe is better, and LeBron is a freak, and that in the NBA, the best team almost always wins.

Derek Fisher gets the last word.

"I don't think guys feel like, because this team won the championship, that's what the league wanted," he said. "The league's not standing there with you when you're shooting your 3-pointer. Nobody had anything to do with that. If you don't box out on the free throw line, the NBA doesn't have anything to do with that. That's all on you. If anybody does say that or think that, I don't know that I have a comment for them, anyway."