View Full Version : Today I don't feel like doing anything
ClipshowDynasty
06-26-2011, 02:53 PM
I just wanna lay in my bed
Don't feel like picking up my Phone so leave a message after da tone because today I don't feel like doin anything. Nothin at all.
Stupid song about lazy black guy
Koolaid_Man
06-26-2011, 03:20 PM
Stupid song about lazy black guy
nice WP article:
http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/charles-murray-and-shiftless-lazy-whites/2011/04/24/AFmC0beE_story.html
Koolaid_Man
06-26-2011, 03:22 PM
I just wanna lay in my bed
Don't feel like picking up my Phone so leave a message after da tone because today I don't feel like doin anything. Nothin at all.
can't get a lady on your own merits?...don't worry hookers can be found discreetly online...
CubanSucks
06-26-2011, 11:13 PM
such a stupid fucking song with an even dumber music video
Marsupial
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about mammals. For frogs, see Marsupial frog (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_frog).
Marsupials[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-msw3a-0)[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-msw3b-1)
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous–Recent
PreЄ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian)
Є (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian)
O (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician)
S (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian)
D (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian)
C (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous)
P (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian)
T (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic)
J (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic)
K (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous)
Pg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogene)
N (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kangaroo_and_joey03.jpg/220px-Kangaroo_and_joey03.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kangaroo_and_joey03.jpg)Female Eastern Grey Kangaroo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Grey_Kangaroo) with a joey (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_(marsupial)) in her pouchScientific classification (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification)Kingdom:Animalia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal)Phylum:Chordata (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate)Class:Mammalia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal)Subclass:Theria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria)Infraclass:Marsupialia
Illiger (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Karl_Wilhelm_Illiger), 1811Orders (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology))
Didelphimorphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didelphimorphia)
Paucituberculata (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paucituberculata)
Microbiotheria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiotheria)
Dasyuromorphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasyuromorphia)
Peramelemorphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peramelemorphia)
Notoryctemorphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notoryctemorphia)
Diprotodontia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diprotodontia)
†Sparassodonta (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparassodonta)
†Yalkaparidontia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalkaparidontia)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Marsupial_biogeography_present_day_-_dymaxion_map.png/220px-Marsupial_biogeography_present_day_-_dymaxion_map.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marsupial_biogeography_present_day_-_dymaxion_map.png)Present day distribution of marsupials.
Marsupials are an infraclass (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(biology)) of mammals (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal), characterized by giving birth to relatively undeveloped young. Close to 70% of the 334 extant (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxon) species occur in Australia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia), New Guinea (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea), and nearby islands, with the remaining 100 found in the Americas (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas), primarily in South America (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America), but with thirteen in Central America (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America), and one in North America (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America) north of Mexico.
Contents
[hide (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#)]
1 History (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#History)
2 Description (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#Description)
2.1 Early development (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#Early_development)
2.2 Reproductive system (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#Reproductive_system)
3 Taxonomy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#Taxonomy)
4 See also (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#See_also)
5 References (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#References)
6 External links (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#External_links)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial&action=edit§ion=1)] History
See also: Evolution of mammals (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Djarthia_murgonensis.jpg/170px-Djarthia_murgonensis.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Djarthia_murgonensis.jpg) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Djarthia_murgonensis.jpg)
Isolated petrosals (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrous_part_of_the_temporal_bone) of Djarthia murgonensis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djarthia_murgonensis), Australia's oldest marsupial fossils[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-2)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Animaldentition_macropusgiganteus.png/220px-Animaldentition_macropusgiganteus.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animaldentition_macropusgiganteus.png) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animaldentition_macropusgiganteus.png)
Dentition of an Eastern grey kangaroo, as illustrated in Knight's Sketches in Natural History
The relationships between the three extant divisions of mammals (monotremes (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotreme), marsupials, and placental mammals (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_mammal)) was long a matter of debate among taxonomists (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy).[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Moyal2004-3) Most morphological (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)) evidence comparing traits such as number and arrangement of teeth (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentition) and structure of the reproductive and waste elimination systems (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitourinary_system) favors a closer evolutionary relationship between marsupials and placental mammals than either with the monotremes. Most genetic and molecular (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_clock) evidence also supports grouping marsupials and placental mammals as a single clade (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade), subclass Theria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria).[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Rheede2005-4)
Marsupials and placental mammals split from the monotremes during the Cretaceous (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous) Period.[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Tyndale2005-5) In the absence of soft tissues, such as the pouch and reproductive system, fossil marsupials can be distinguished from placentals by the form of their teeth; primitive marsupials possess four pairs of molar teeth (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_tooth) in each jaw, whereas placental mammals never have more than three pairs.[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-VertPal-6) Using this criterion, the earliest known marsupial is Sinodelphys szalayi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinodelphys), which lived in China (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) around 125 million years ago (mya).[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-7)[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-8)[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-CMNH-9) This makes it almost contemporary to the earliest eutherian fossils (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eomaia), which have been found in the same area.[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-CMNH-9)[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-10)
The oldest metatherian fossils (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinodelphys) (Metatheria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatheria) being a larger clade that groups marsupials with some of their extinct relatives) are found in present-day China (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China),[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Luoetal2003-11) and there are a few species of marsupials presently living in Indonesia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) as far west as Sulawesi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi), which is sometimes considered to be in an Asian ecozone (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indomalaya_ecozone).[13] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-12) However, these modern marsupials appear to be have reached the islands relatively recently via Australia. About 100 mya, the supercontinent Pangaea (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea) was in the process of splitting into the northern continent Laurasia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia) and the southern continent Gondwana (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana), with what would become China and Australia already separated by the Tethys Ocean (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_Ocean). Marsupials spread westward into modern North America (still attached to Eurasia) and then to South America, which was connected to North America until around 65 mya. Laurasian marsupials eventually died off, possibly due to competition from placental mammals for their ecological niches (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche).
In South America, the opossums (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didelphimorphia) retained a strong presence, and the Tertiary (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary) saw the evolution of shrew opossums (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew_opossum) (Paucituberculata) and metatherian predators such as the borhyaenids (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borhyaenidae) and the saber-toothed Thylacosmilus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacosmilus). South American niches for mammalian carnivores were dominated by these marsupial and sparassodont (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparassodonta) metatherians. While placental predators were absent, the metatherians did have to contend with avian (terror bird (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phorusrhacidae)) and terrestrial crocodilian competition. South America and Antarctica (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica) remained connected until 35 mya, as shown by the unique fossils found there. North and South America remained disjointed until about three million years ago, when the Isthmus of Panama (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama) formed. This led to the Great American Interchange (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Interchange). Competition from placental mammals from the north drove sparassodonts to extinction, while didelphimorphs (opossums) invaded Central America, with the Virginia opossum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_opossum) reaching as far north as Canada.
Marsupials reached Australia via Antarctica about 50 mya, shortly after Australia had split off. This suggests a single dispersion event of just one species, most likely a relative to South America's monito del monte (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monito_del_Monte) (a microbiothere (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiotheria), the only New World australidelphian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australidelphia)). This progenitor may have rafted (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafting_event) across the widening, but still narrow, gap between Australia and Antarctica. In Australia, they radiated into the wide variety we see today, island hopping (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_hopping) some way through the Indonesian archipelago.[14] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Dawkins2005-13)[15] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Hand2002-14)[16] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Kemp2004-15) A 2010 analysis of retrotransposon insertion sites (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon_marker) in the nuclear DNA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_DNA) of a variety of marsupials has confirmed all living marsupials have South American ancestors. The branching sequence of marsupial orders indicated by the study puts Didelphimorphia in the most basal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)) position, followed by Paucituberculata, then Microbiotheria, and ending with the radiation of Australian marsupials. This indicates that Australidelphia arose in South America, and reached Australia after Microbiotheria split off.[17] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-LAT-16)[18] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Nilsson-17)
In Australia, terrestrial placental mammals disappeared early in the Cenozoic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenozoic) (their most recent known fossils being 55 million year old teeth resembling those of condylarths (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condylarth)) for reasons that are not clear, allowing marsupials to dominate the Australian ecosystem (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem).[14] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Dawkins2005-13) Extant native Australian terrestrial placental mammals (such as hopping mice (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopping_mouse)) are relatively recent immigrants, arriving via island hopping from southeast Asia.[15] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Hand2002-14)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial&action=edit§ion=2)] Description
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Koala_climbing_tree.jpg/220px-Koala_climbing_tree.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koala_climbing_tree.jpg) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koala_climbing_tree.jpg)
Koala (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koala)
(Phascolarctos cinereus)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial&action=edit§ion=3)] Early development
An infant marsupial is known as a joey. Marsupials have an extremely short gestation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation) period (about 4–5 weeks), and the joey is 'born' essentially in a fetal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus) state. The blind, furless, miniature newborn, the size of a jelly bean (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_bean), crawls across its mother's fur to make its way into the pouch (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouch_(marsupial)), where it latches onto a teat (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teat) for food. It will not re-emerge for several months, during which time it develops fully. After this period, the joey begins to spend increasing lengths of time out of the pouch, feeding and learning survival skills. However, it returns to the pouch to sleep, and if danger threatens it will seek refuge in its mother's pouch for safety.
Joeys stay in the pouch for up to a year in some species, or until the next joey is born. A marsupial joey is unable to regulate its own body temperature, and thus relies upon an external heat source. Until the joey is well-furred and old enough to leave the pouch, a pouch temperature between 30-32° Celsius must be constantly maintained.
An early birth removes a developing marsupial from its parent's body much sooner than in placental mammals, and thus marsupials have not developed a complex placenta (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta) to protect the embryo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo) from its mother's immune system (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system). Though early birth places the tiny newborn marsupial at a greater environmental risk, it significantly reduces the dangers associated with long pregnancies, as there is no need to carry a large fetus to full-term in bad seasons.
Because newborn marsupials must climb up to their mother's nipples, their front limbs are much more developed than the rest of the body at the time of birth. It is possible that this requirement has resulted in the limited range of locomotor adaptations in marsupials compared to placentals. Marsupials must develop a grasping forepaw during their early youth, making the transition from this limb into a hoof (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoof), wing (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing), or flipper (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipper_(anatomy)), as some groups of placental mammals have done, far more difficult.
Some common structural features can be found among marsupials. Ossified (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossification) patellae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella) are absent. Marsupials (and also monotremes (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotreme)) also lack a gross communication (corpus callosum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_callosum)) between the right and left brain hemisphere.[19] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Walkers-18)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial&action=edit§ion=4)] Reproductive system
Marsupials' reproductive systems differ markedly from those of placental mammals (Placentalia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutheria)). Females have two lateral vaginas (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina), which lead to separate uteri (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uteri) but both open externally through the same orifice. A third canal, the median vagina, is used for birth. This canal can be transitory or permanent.[19] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Walkers-18) The males generally have a two-pronged penis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penis), which corresponds to the females' two vaginas.[20] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-DaMR-19) The penis is used only for discharging semen (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen) into females, and there is instead a urogenital sac used to store waste before expulsion.
Pregnant females develop a kind of yolk sac in their wombs, which delivers nutrients to the embryo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo). Marsupials give birth at a very early stage of development (about 4–5 weeks); after birth, newborn marsupials crawl up the bodies of their mothers and attach themselves to a nipple, which is located on the underside of the mother either inside a pouch called the marsupium or open to the environment. To crawl to the nipple and attach to it, the marsupial must have well developed forelimbs and facial structures.[21] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-20)[22] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-21) This is accomplished by accelerating forelimb and facial development in marsupials compared to placental mammals. As a result, there is decelerated development of such structures as the hindlimb and brain. There they remain for a number of weeks, attached to the nipple. The offspring are eventually able to leave the marsupium for short periods, returning to it for warmth, protection and nourishment.
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial&action=edit§ion=5)] Taxonomy
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sugarglider_hp.jpg/100px-Sugarglider_hp.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sugarglider_hp.jpg) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sugarglider_hp.jpg)
Sugar Glider (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Glider) (Petaurus breviceps)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Brushtail_possum.jpg/170px-Brushtail_possum.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brushtail_possum.jpg) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brushtail_possum.jpg)
Common Brushtail Possum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Brushtail_Possum) (Trichosurus vulpecula)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Squirrel-Glider-at-Lone-Pine.jpg/170px-Squirrel-Glider-at-Lone-Pine.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Squirrel-Glider-at-Lone-Pine.jpg) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Squirrel-Glider-at-Lone-Pine.jpg)
Squirrel Glider (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_Glider)
(Petaurus norfolcensis)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Possum122708.JPG/170px-Possum122708.JPG (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Possum122708.JPG) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Possum122708.JPG)
Virginia Opossum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Opossum) (Didelphis virginiana), the only North American (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America) marsupial north of Mexico (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico).
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Thylacinus.jpg/170px-Thylacinus.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thylacinus.jpg) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thylacinus.jpg)
Thylacine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacine) (Thylacinus cynocephalus), an extinct carnivorous marsupial found in Tasmania (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania) until the 1930s
Taxonomically (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy), there are two primary divisions of Marsupialia: American (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas) marsupials and the Australian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia) marsupials.[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-msw3a-0)[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-msw3b-1) The Order Microbiotheria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiotheria) (which has only one species, the monito del monte) is found in South America (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America), but is believed to be more closely related to the Australian marsupials. There are many small arboreal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboreal) species (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species) in each group. The term opossums (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opossum) is properly used to refer to the American species (though possum is a common diminutive), while similar Australian species are properly called possums (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possum).
Order †Sparassodonta (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparassodonta) (formerly viewed as marsupials, now as a sister group of metatherians (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatheria))
Superorder Ameridelphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameridelphia)
Order Didelphimorphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didelphimorphia) (93 species)
Family Didelphidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didelphidae): opossums
Order Paucituberculata (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paucituberculata) (6 species)
Family Caenolestidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenolestidae): shrew opossums (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew_opossum)
Superorder Australidelphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australidelphia)
Order Microbiotheria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiotheria) (1 species)
Family Microbiotheriidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiotheriidae): monito del monte (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monito_del_monte)
Order †Yalkaparidontia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalkaparidontia)
Order Dasyuromorphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasyuromorphia) (71 species)
Family †Thylacinidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacinidae): thylacine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacine)
Family Dasyuridae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasyuridae): antechinuses (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antechinus), quolls (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoll), dunnarts (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnart), Tasmanian devil (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_devil), and relatives
Family Myrmecobiidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmecobiidae): numbat (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbat)
Order Peramelemorphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peramelemorphia) (24 species)
Family Thylacomyidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacomyidae): bilbies (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilby)
Family †Chaeropodidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaeropodidae): pig-footed bandicoot (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig-footed_bandicoot)
Family Peramelidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peramelidae): bandicoots (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandicoot) and allies
Order Notoryctemorphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notoryctemorphia) (2 species)
Family Notoryctidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notoryctidae): marsupial moles (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_mole)
Order Diprotodontia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diprotodontia) (137 species)
Family Phascolarctidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phascolarctidae): koala (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koala)
Family Vombatidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vombatidae): wombats (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombat)
Family †Diprotodontidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diprotodontidae): diprotodon (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diprotodon)
Family Phalangeridae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalangeridae): brushtail possums (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushtail_possum) and cuscuses (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuscus)
Family Burramyidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burramyidae): pygmy possums (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_possum)
Family Tarsipedidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsipedidae): honey possum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_possum)
Family Petauridae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petauridae): striped possum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_possum), Leadbeater's possum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadbeater%27s_possum), yellow-bellied glider (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-bellied_glider), sugar glider (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_glider), mahogany glider (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany_glider), squirrel glider (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_glider)
Family Pseudocheiridae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocheiridae): ringtailed possums (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Ringtail_Possum) and relatives
Family Potoridae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potoridae): potoroos (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potoroo), rat kangaroos, bettongs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettong)
Family Acrobatidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrobatidae): feathertail glider (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feathertail_glider) and feather-tailed possum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather-tailed_Possum)
Family Hypsiprymnodontidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsiprymnodontidae): musky rat-kangaroo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musky_rat-kangaroo)
Family Macropodidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macropodidae): kangaroos (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo), wallabies (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallaby), and relatives
Family †Thylacoleonidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacoleonidae): marsupial lions (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_lion)
† indicates extinction (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial&action=edit§ion=6)] See also
Metatheria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatheria)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial&action=edit§ion=7)] References
^ a (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-msw3a_0-0) b (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-msw3a_0-1) Gardner, Alfred (16 November 2005). Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. ed. Mammal Species of the World (http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3) (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press), 2 vols. (2142 pp.). pp. 3–21. ISBN (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) 978-0-8018-8221-0 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0). OCLC (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center) 62265494 (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494). http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3 (http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3).
^ a (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-msw3b_1-0) b (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-msw3b_1-1) Groves, C. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Groves) (2005). Wilson, D. E., & Reeder, D. M, eds. ed. Mammal Species of the World (http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3) (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press). pp. 22–70. OCLC (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center) 62265494 (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494). ISBN 0-801-88221-4 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801882214). http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3 (http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-2) "Australia's Oldest Marsupial Fossils and their Biogeographical Implications" (http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001858;jsessi onid=A57F0FDB595AC49992E2B5A390FA104C). Plos One. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001858;jsessi onid=A57F0FDB595AC49992E2B5A390FA104C (http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001858;jsessi onid=A57F0FDB595AC49992E2B5A390FA104C). Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-Moyal2004_3-0) Moyal, Ann Mozley (2004). Platypus: The Extraordinary Story of How a Curious Creature Baffled the World (http://books.google.com/?id=5DkezNMhSTYC&printsec=frontcover). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) 0-8018-8052-1 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-8052-1). http://books.google.com?id=5DkezNMhSTYC&printsec=frontcover (http://books.google.com/?id=5DkezNMhSTYC&printsec=frontcover).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-Rheede2005_4-0) Van Rheede, T.; Bastiaans, T.; Boone, D.; Hedges, S.; De Jong, W.; Madsen, O. (2006). "The platypus is in its place: nuclear genes and indels confirm the sister group relation of monotremes and Therians". Molecular biology and evolution 23 (3): 587–597. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1093/molbev/msj064 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsj064). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 16291999 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16291999). edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_doi/10.1093.2Fmolbev.2Fmsj064&action=edit&editintro=Template:Cite_doi/editintro2)
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-Tyndale2005_5-0) Tyndale-Biscoe, C. H. (2005). Life of marsupials (http://google.com/books?id=KqtlPZJ9y8EC&printsec=frontcover). Collingwood, Vic: CSIRO. ISBN (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) 0-643-09199-8 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-643-09199-8). http://google.com/books?id=KqtlPZJ9y8EC&printsec=frontcover (http://google.com/books?id=KqtlPZJ9y8EC&printsec=frontcover).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-VertPal_6-0) Benton, Michael J. (1997). Vertebrate Palaeontology. London: Chapman & Hall. p. 306. ISBN (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) 0-412-73810-4 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-412-73810-4).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-7) Rincon, Paul (2003-12-12). "Rincon, P., Oldest Marsupial Ancestor Found, BBC, Dec 2003" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3311911.stm). BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3311911.stm (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3311911.stm). Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-8) "Pickrell, J., Oldest Marsupial Fossil Found in China, National Geographic, December 2003" (http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/12/1215_031215_oldestmarsupial.html). News.nationalgeographic.com. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/12/1215_031215_oldestmarsupial.html (http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/12/1215_031215_oldestmarsupial.html). Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ a (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-CMNH_9-0) b (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-CMNH_9-1) "Vertebrate Paleontology: Sinodelphys szalayi" (http://www.carnegiemnh.org/vp/sinodelphys.html). Carnegie Museum of Natural History (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Museum_of_Natural_History). http://www.carnegiemnh.org/vp/sinodelphys.html (http://www.carnegiemnh.org/vp/sinodelphys.html). Retrieved 2010-10-21.
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-10) Nature. "Ji, Q., et al., The Earliest Known Eutherian Mammal, Nature, 416, Pages 816-822, Apr 2002" (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6883/full/416816a.html). Nature.com. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6883/full/416816a.html (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6883/full/416816a.html). Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-Luoetal2003_11-0) Luo, Zhe-Xi; Ji, Qiang; Wible, John R.; Yuan, Chong-Xi (2003-12-12). "An early Cretaceous tribosphenic mammal and metatherian evolution" (http://www.sciencemag.org/content/302/5652/1934.abstract). Science (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)) 302 (5652): 1934–1940. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1126/science.1090718 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1090718). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 14671295 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14671295). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/302/5652/1934.abstract (http://www.sciencemag.org/content/302/5652/1934.abstract). Retrieved 2010-12-27.
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-12) "Harrison, L., The Migration Route of the Australian Marsupial Fauna, Australian Zoologist, Volume 3, Pages 247-263, 1924" (http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/biogeog/HARR1924.htm). Wku.edu. 1914-09-12. http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/biogeog/HARR1924.htm (http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/biogeog/HARR1924.htm). Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ a (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-Dawkins2005_13-0) b (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-Dawkins2005_13-1) Dawkins, Richard (2005). The Ancestor's Tale : A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution (http://books.google.com/?id=rR9XPnaqvCMC&pg=PA223). Boston: Mariner Books. ISBN (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) 0-618-61916-X (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-61916-X). http://books.google.com/?id=rR9XPnaqvCMC&pg=PA223 (http://books.google.com/?id=rR9XPnaqvCMC&pg=PA223).
^ a (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-Hand2002_14-0) b (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-Hand2002_14-1) Hand, Suzanne J.; Long, John; Archer, Michael; Flannery, Timothy Fridtjof (2002). Prehistoric mammals of Australia and New Guinea: one hundred million years of evolution (http://books.google.com/?id=92yhnRHdxSoC&printsec=frontcover). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) 0-8018-7223-5 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-7223-5). http://books.google.com/?id=92yhnRHdxSoC&printsec=frontcover (http://books.google.com/?id=92yhnRHdxSoC&printsec=frontcover).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-Kemp2004_15-0) Kemp, T.S. (2005). The origin and evolution of mammals. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) 0-19-850761-5 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-850761-5).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-LAT_16-0) Schiewe, Jessie (2010-07-28). "Australia's marsupials originated in what is now South America, study says" (http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-marsupial-20100728,0,5549873.story). LATimes.Com (http://www.latimes.com/). Los Angeles Times (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times). http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-marsupial-20100728,0,5549873.story (http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-marsupial-20100728,0,5549873.story). Retrieved 2010-08-01.
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-Nilsson_17-0) Nilsson, M. A.; Churakov, G.;, Sommer, M.; Van Tran, N.; Zemann, A.; Brosius, J.; Schmitz, J. (2010-07-27). "Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions". PLoS Biology (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLoS_Biology) (Public Library of Science (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science)) 8 (7): e1000436. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000436). PMC (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central) 2910653 (http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2910653). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 20668664 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20668664).
^ a (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-Walkers_18-0) b (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-Walkers_18-1) Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Book Of Mammals, Sixth Edition. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 5. ISBN (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) 0-8018-5789-9 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5789-9).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-DaMR_19-0) [1] (http://www.biology.iastate.edu/InternationalTrips/1Australia/Australia%20papers/Discoveries%20about%20Marsupial%20Rep) Iowa State University Biology Dept. Discoveries about Marsupial Reproduction Anna King 2001. webpage] (note shows code, html extension omitted)
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-20) Sears, K. E. (2009). "Differences in the Timing of Prechondrogenic Limb Development in Mammals: The Marsupial-Placental Dichotomy Resolved". Evolution 63 (8): 2193–2200. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00690.x (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.2009.00690.x). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 19453378 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19453378).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-21) Smith, K. K. (2001). "Early development of the neural plate, neural crest and facial region of marsupials". Journal of Anatomy 199 (Pt 1-2): 121–131. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910121.x (http://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-7580.2001.19910121.x). PMC (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central) 1594995 (http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1594995). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 11523813 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11523813).
Tim Flannery (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Flannery) (1994), The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People, pages 67–75 (http://books.google.com/books?id=eIW5aktgo0IC&pg=PA67). ISBN 0-8021-3943-4 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802139434) ISBN 0-7301-0422-2 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0730104222)
Tim Flannery, Country: a continent, a scientist & a kangaroo, pages 196–200. ISBN 1-920885-76-5 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1920885765)
Austin, C.R. ed. Reproduction in Mammals. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press,1982.
Bronson, F. H. Mammalian Reproductive Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
Dawson, Terrence J. Kangaroos: Biology of Largest Marsupials. New York: Cornell University Press, 1995.
Frith, H. J. and J. H. Calaby. Kangaroos. New York: Humanities Press, 1969.
Gould, Edwin and George McKay. Encyclopedia of Mammals. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998.
Hunsaker, Don. The Biology of Marsupials. New York: Academic Press, 1977.
Johnson, Martin H. and Barry J. Everitt. Essential Reproduction. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1984.
Knobill, Ernst and Jimmy D. Neill ed. Encyclopedia of Reproduction. V. 3 New York: Academic Press, 1998
McCullough, Dale R. and Yvette McCullough. Kangaroos in Outback Australia: Comparative Ecology and Behavior of Three Coexisting Species. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
Taylor Andrea C., Sunnucks Paul (1997). "Sex of Pouch Young Related to Maternal Weight in Macropus eugeni and M. parma". Australian Journal of Zoology 45: 573–578. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1071/ZO97038 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1071%2FZO97038).
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial&action=edit§ion=8)] External links
Find more about Marsupial on Wikipedia's sister projects (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects):http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Marsupial)Definitions (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Marsupial) from Wiktionary
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png Data related to Marsupialia (http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Marsupialia) at Wikispecies (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wikibooks-logo-en.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en.svg.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg) Marsupialia (http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key) at Wikibooks (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikibooks).
The Marsupial Ring (http://www.naturalworlds.org/marsupialring/index.htm)
Western Australian Mammal Species (http://members.iinet.net.au/~foconnor/mammals/mammals.htm)
Researchers Publish First Marsupial Genome Sequence (http://www.genome.gov/25521146) The National Institutes of Health May 2007
First marsupial genome released. Most differences between the opossom and placental mammals stem from non-coding DNA (http://www.the-scientist.com/news/home/53187/)
[hide (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#)]
v (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mammals) · d (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mammals) · e (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Mammals&action=edit)Extant mammal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal) orders by infraclassKingdom Animalia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia) · Phylum Chordata (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordata) · Subphylum Vertebrata (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata) · (unranked) Amniota (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniote)Australosphenida (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australosphenida)Monotremata (Platypus and echidnas) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotreme)
Metatheria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatheria)
(Marsupial inclusive)
Ameridelphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameridelphia)
Paucituberculata (Shrew opossums) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew_opossum) · Didelphimorphia (Opossums) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opossum)
Australidelphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australidelphia)
Microbiotheria (Monito del Monte) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiotheria) · Notoryctemorphia (Marsupial moles) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_mole) · Dasyuromorphia (Quolls and dunnarts) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasyuromorphia) · Peramelemorphia (Bilbies and bandicoots) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peramelemorphia) · Diprotodontia (Kangaroos and relatives) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diprotodontia)
Eutheria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutheria)
(Placental (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental) inclusive)
Xenarthra (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenarthra)
Cingulata (Armadillos) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo) · Pilosa (Anteaters and sloths) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosa)
Afrotheria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrotheria)
Afrosoricida (Tenrecs and golden moles) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrosoricida) · Macroscelidea (Elephant shrews) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_shrew) · Tubulidentata (Aardvark) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark) · Hyracoidea (Hyraxes) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrax) · Proboscidea (Elephants) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscidea) · Sirenia (Dugongs and manatees) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenia)
Laurasiatheria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria)
Soricomorpha (Shrews and moles) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soricomorpha) · Erinaceomorpha (Hedgehogs and relatives) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinaceidae) · Chiroptera (Bats) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat) · Pholidota (Pangolins) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolin) · Carnivora (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora) · Perissodactyla (Odd-toed ungulates) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate) · Artiodactyla (Even-toed ungulates) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate) · Cetacea (Whales and dolphins) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacea)
Euarchontoglires (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires)
Rodentia (Rodents) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent) · Lagomorpha (Rabbits and relatives) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagomorpha) · Scandentia (Treeshrews) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treeshrew) · Dermoptera (Colugos) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colugo) · Primates (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate)
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Marsupial
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This article is about mammals. For frogs, see Marsupial frog (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_frog).
Marsupials[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-msw3a-0)[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-msw3b-1)
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous–Recent
PreЄ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian)
Є (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian)
O (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician)
S (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian)
D (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian)
C (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous)
P (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian)
T (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic)
J (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic)
K (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous)
Pg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogene)
N (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kangaroo_and_joey03.jpg/220px-Kangaroo_and_joey03.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kangaroo_and_joey03.jpg)Female Eastern Grey Kangaroo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Grey_Kangaroo) with a joey (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_(marsupial)) in her pouchScientific classification (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification)Kingdom:Animalia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal)Phylum:Chordata (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate)Class:Mammalia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal)Subclass:Theria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria)Infraclass:Marsupialia
Illiger (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Karl_Wilhelm_Illiger), 1811Orders (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology))
Didelphimorphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didelphimorphia)
Paucituberculata (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paucituberculata)
Microbiotheria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiotheria)
Dasyuromorphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasyuromorphia)
Peramelemorphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peramelemorphia)
Notoryctemorphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notoryctemorphia)
Diprotodontia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diprotodontia)
†Sparassodonta (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparassodonta)
†Yalkaparidontia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalkaparidontia)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Marsupial_biogeography_present_day_-_dymaxion_map.png/220px-Marsupial_biogeography_present_day_-_dymaxion_map.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marsupial_biogeography_present_day_-_dymaxion_map.png)Present day distribution of marsupials.
Marsupials are an infraclass (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(biology)) of mammals (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal), characterized by giving birth to relatively undeveloped young. Close to 70% of the 334 extant (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxon) species occur in Australia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia), New Guinea (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea), and nearby islands, with the remaining 100 found in the Americas (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas), primarily in South America (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America), but with thirteen in Central America (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America), and one in North America (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America) north of Mexico.
Contents
[hide (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#)]
1 History (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#History)
2 Description (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#Description)
2.1 Early development (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#Early_development)
2.2 Reproductive system (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#Reproductive_system)
3 Taxonomy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#Taxonomy)
4 See also (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#See_also)
5 References (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#References)
6 External links (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#External_links)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial&action=edit§ion=1)] History
See also: Evolution of mammals (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Djarthia_murgonensis.jpg/170px-Djarthia_murgonensis.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Djarthia_murgonensis.jpg) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Djarthia_murgonensis.jpg)
Isolated petrosals (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrous_part_of_the_temporal_bone) of Djarthia murgonensis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djarthia_murgonensis), Australia's oldest marsupial fossils[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-2)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Animaldentition_macropusgiganteus.png/220px-Animaldentition_macropusgiganteus.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animaldentition_macropusgiganteus.png) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animaldentition_macropusgiganteus.png)
Dentition of an Eastern grey kangaroo, as illustrated in Knight's Sketches in Natural History
The relationships between the three extant divisions of mammals (monotremes (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotreme), marsupials, and placental mammals (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_mammal)) was long a matter of debate among taxonomists (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy).[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Moyal2004-3) Most morphological (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)) evidence comparing traits such as number and arrangement of teeth (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentition) and structure of the reproductive and waste elimination systems (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitourinary_system) favors a closer evolutionary relationship between marsupials and placental mammals than either with the monotremes. Most genetic and molecular (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_clock) evidence also supports grouping marsupials and placental mammals as a single clade (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade), subclass Theria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theria).[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Rheede2005-4)
Marsupials and placental mammals split from the monotremes during the Cretaceous (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous) Period.[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Tyndale2005-5) In the absence of soft tissues, such as the pouch and reproductive system, fossil marsupials can be distinguished from placentals by the form of their teeth; primitive marsupials possess four pairs of molar teeth (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_tooth) in each jaw, whereas placental mammals never have more than three pairs.[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-VertPal-6) Using this criterion, the earliest known marsupial is Sinodelphys szalayi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinodelphys), which lived in China (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China) around 125 million years ago (mya).[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-7)[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-8)[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-CMNH-9) This makes it almost contemporary to the earliest eutherian fossils (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eomaia), which have been found in the same area.[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-CMNH-9)[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-10)
The oldest metatherian fossils (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinodelphys) (Metatheria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatheria) being a larger clade that groups marsupials with some of their extinct relatives) are found in present-day China (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China),[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Luoetal2003-11) and there are a few species of marsupials presently living in Indonesia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) as far west as Sulawesi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi), which is sometimes considered to be in an Asian ecozone (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indomalaya_ecozone).[13] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-12) However, these modern marsupials appear to be have reached the islands relatively recently via Australia. About 100 mya, the supercontinent Pangaea (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea) was in the process of splitting into the northern continent Laurasia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasia) and the southern continent Gondwana (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana), with what would become China and Australia already separated by the Tethys Ocean (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_Ocean). Marsupials spread westward into modern North America (still attached to Eurasia) and then to South America, which was connected to North America until around 65 mya. Laurasian marsupials eventually died off, possibly due to competition from placental mammals for their ecological niches (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche).
In South America, the opossums (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didelphimorphia) retained a strong presence, and the Tertiary (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary) saw the evolution of shrew opossums (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew_opossum) (Paucituberculata) and metatherian predators such as the borhyaenids (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borhyaenidae) and the saber-toothed Thylacosmilus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacosmilus). South American niches for mammalian carnivores were dominated by these marsupial and sparassodont (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparassodonta) metatherians. While placental predators were absent, the metatherians did have to contend with avian (terror bird (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phorusrhacidae)) and terrestrial crocodilian competition. South America and Antarctica (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica) remained connected until 35 mya, as shown by the unique fossils found there. North and South America remained disjointed until about three million years ago, when the Isthmus of Panama (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama) formed. This led to the Great American Interchange (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Interchange). Competition from placental mammals from the north drove sparassodonts to extinction, while didelphimorphs (opossums) invaded Central America, with the Virginia opossum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_opossum) reaching as far north as Canada.
Marsupials reached Australia via Antarctica about 50 mya, shortly after Australia had split off. This suggests a single dispersion event of just one species, most likely a relative to South America's monito del monte (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monito_del_Monte) (a microbiothere (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiotheria), the only New World australidelphian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australidelphia)). This progenitor may have rafted (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafting_event) across the widening, but still narrow, gap between Australia and Antarctica. In Australia, they radiated into the wide variety we see today, island hopping (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_hopping) some way through the Indonesian archipelago.[14] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Dawkins2005-13)[15] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Hand2002-14)[16] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Kemp2004-15) A 2010 analysis of retrotransposon insertion sites (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon_marker) in the nuclear DNA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_DNA) of a variety of marsupials has confirmed all living marsupials have South American ancestors. The branching sequence of marsupial orders indicated by the study puts Didelphimorphia in the most basal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)) position, followed by Paucituberculata, then Microbiotheria, and ending with the radiation of Australian marsupials. This indicates that Australidelphia arose in South America, and reached Australia after Microbiotheria split off.[17] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-LAT-16)[18] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Nilsson-17)
In Australia, terrestrial placental mammals disappeared early in the Cenozoic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenozoic) (their most recent known fossils being 55 million year old teeth resembling those of condylarths (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condylarth)) for reasons that are not clear, allowing marsupials to dominate the Australian ecosystem (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem).[14] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Dawkins2005-13) Extant native Australian terrestrial placental mammals (such as hopping mice (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopping_mouse)) are relatively recent immigrants, arriving via island hopping from southeast Asia.[15] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Hand2002-14)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial&action=edit§ion=2)] Description
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Koala_climbing_tree.jpg/220px-Koala_climbing_tree.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koala_climbing_tree.jpg) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koala_climbing_tree.jpg)
Koala (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koala)
(Phascolarctos cinereus)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial&action=edit§ion=3)] Early development
An infant marsupial is known as a joey. Marsupials have an extremely short gestation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation) period (about 4–5 weeks), and the joey is 'born' essentially in a fetal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus) state. The blind, furless, miniature newborn, the size of a jelly bean (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_bean), crawls across its mother's fur to make its way into the pouch (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouch_(marsupial)), where it latches onto a teat (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teat) for food. It will not re-emerge for several months, during which time it develops fully. After this period, the joey begins to spend increasing lengths of time out of the pouch, feeding and learning survival skills. However, it returns to the pouch to sleep, and if danger threatens it will seek refuge in its mother's pouch for safety.
Joeys stay in the pouch for up to a year in some species, or until the next joey is born. A marsupial joey is unable to regulate its own body temperature, and thus relies upon an external heat source. Until the joey is well-furred and old enough to leave the pouch, a pouch temperature between 30-32° Celsius must be constantly maintained.
An early birth removes a developing marsupial from its parent's body much sooner than in placental mammals, and thus marsupials have not developed a complex placenta (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta) to protect the embryo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo) from its mother's immune system (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system). Though early birth places the tiny newborn marsupial at a greater environmental risk, it significantly reduces the dangers associated with long pregnancies, as there is no need to carry a large fetus to full-term in bad seasons.
Because newborn marsupials must climb up to their mother's nipples, their front limbs are much more developed than the rest of the body at the time of birth. It is possible that this requirement has resulted in the limited range of locomotor adaptations in marsupials compared to placentals. Marsupials must develop a grasping forepaw during their early youth, making the transition from this limb into a hoof (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoof), wing (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing), or flipper (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipper_(anatomy)), as some groups of placental mammals have done, far more difficult.
Some common structural features can be found among marsupials. Ossified (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossification) patellae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patella) are absent. Marsupials (and also monotremes (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotreme)) also lack a gross communication (corpus callosum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_callosum)) between the right and left brain hemisphere.[19] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Walkers-18)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial&action=edit§ion=4)] Reproductive system
Marsupials' reproductive systems differ markedly from those of placental mammals (Placentalia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutheria)). Females have two lateral vaginas (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina), which lead to separate uteri (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uteri) but both open externally through the same orifice. A third canal, the median vagina, is used for birth. This canal can be transitory or permanent.[19] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-Walkers-18) The males generally have a two-pronged penis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penis), which corresponds to the females' two vaginas.[20] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-DaMR-19) The penis is used only for discharging semen (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen) into females, and there is instead a urogenital sac used to store waste before expulsion.
Pregnant females develop a kind of yolk sac in their wombs, which delivers nutrients to the embryo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo). Marsupials give birth at a very early stage of development (about 4–5 weeks); after birth, newborn marsupials crawl up the bodies of their mothers and attach themselves to a nipple, which is located on the underside of the mother either inside a pouch called the marsupium or open to the environment. To crawl to the nipple and attach to it, the marsupial must have well developed forelimbs and facial structures.[21] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-20)[22] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-21) This is accomplished by accelerating forelimb and facial development in marsupials compared to placental mammals. As a result, there is decelerated development of such structures as the hindlimb and brain. There they remain for a number of weeks, attached to the nipple. The offspring are eventually able to leave the marsupium for short periods, returning to it for warmth, protection and nourishment.
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial&action=edit§ion=5)] Taxonomy
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sugarglider_hp.jpg/100px-Sugarglider_hp.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sugarglider_hp.jpg) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sugarglider_hp.jpg)
Sugar Glider (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Glider) (Petaurus breviceps)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Brushtail_possum.jpg/170px-Brushtail_possum.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brushtail_possum.jpg) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brushtail_possum.jpg)
Common Brushtail Possum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Brushtail_Possum) (Trichosurus vulpecula)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Squirrel-Glider-at-Lone-Pine.jpg/170px-Squirrel-Glider-at-Lone-Pine.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Squirrel-Glider-at-Lone-Pine.jpg) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Squirrel-Glider-at-Lone-Pine.jpg)
Squirrel Glider (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_Glider)
(Petaurus norfolcensis)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Possum122708.JPG/170px-Possum122708.JPG (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Possum122708.JPG) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Possum122708.JPG)
Virginia Opossum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Opossum) (Didelphis virginiana), the only North American (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America) marsupial north of Mexico (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico).
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Thylacinus.jpg/170px-Thylacinus.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thylacinus.jpg) http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thylacinus.jpg)
Thylacine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacine) (Thylacinus cynocephalus), an extinct carnivorous marsupial found in Tasmania (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania) until the 1930s
Taxonomically (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy), there are two primary divisions of Marsupialia: American (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas) marsupials and the Australian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia) marsupials.[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-msw3a-0)[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_note-msw3b-1) The Order Microbiotheria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiotheria) (which has only one species, the monito del monte) is found in South America (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America), but is believed to be more closely related to the Australian marsupials. There are many small arboreal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboreal) species (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species) in each group. The term opossums (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opossum) is properly used to refer to the American species (though possum is a common diminutive), while similar Australian species are properly called possums (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possum).
Order †Sparassodonta (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparassodonta) (formerly viewed as marsupials, now as a sister group of metatherians (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatheria))
Superorder Ameridelphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameridelphia)
Order Didelphimorphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didelphimorphia) (93 species)
Family Didelphidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didelphidae): opossums
Order Paucituberculata (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paucituberculata) (6 species)
Family Caenolestidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenolestidae): shrew opossums (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew_opossum)
Superorder Australidelphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australidelphia)
Order Microbiotheria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiotheria) (1 species)
Family Microbiotheriidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiotheriidae): monito del monte (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monito_del_monte)
Order †Yalkaparidontia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalkaparidontia)
Order Dasyuromorphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasyuromorphia) (71 species)
Family †Thylacinidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacinidae): thylacine (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacine)
Family Dasyuridae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasyuridae): antechinuses (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antechinus), quolls (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoll), dunnarts (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnart), Tasmanian devil (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_devil), and relatives
Family Myrmecobiidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmecobiidae): numbat (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbat)
Order Peramelemorphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peramelemorphia) (24 species)
Family Thylacomyidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacomyidae): bilbies (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilby)
Family †Chaeropodidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaeropodidae): pig-footed bandicoot (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig-footed_bandicoot)
Family Peramelidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peramelidae): bandicoots (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandicoot) and allies
Order Notoryctemorphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notoryctemorphia) (2 species)
Family Notoryctidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notoryctidae): marsupial moles (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_mole)
Order Diprotodontia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diprotodontia) (137 species)
Family Phascolarctidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phascolarctidae): koala (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koala)
Family Vombatidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vombatidae): wombats (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombat)
Family †Diprotodontidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diprotodontidae): diprotodon (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diprotodon)
Family Phalangeridae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalangeridae): brushtail possums (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushtail_possum) and cuscuses (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuscus)
Family Burramyidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burramyidae): pygmy possums (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_possum)
Family Tarsipedidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsipedidae): honey possum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_possum)
Family Petauridae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petauridae): striped possum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_possum), Leadbeater's possum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadbeater%27s_possum), yellow-bellied glider (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-bellied_glider), sugar glider (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_glider), mahogany glider (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahogany_glider), squirrel glider (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_glider)
Family Pseudocheiridae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocheiridae): ringtailed possums (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Ringtail_Possum) and relatives
Family Potoridae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potoridae): potoroos (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potoroo), rat kangaroos, bettongs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettong)
Family Acrobatidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrobatidae): feathertail glider (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feathertail_glider) and feather-tailed possum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather-tailed_Possum)
Family Hypsiprymnodontidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsiprymnodontidae): musky rat-kangaroo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musky_rat-kangaroo)
Family Macropodidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macropodidae): kangaroos (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo), wallabies (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallaby), and relatives
Family †Thylacoleonidae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacoleonidae): marsupial lions (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_lion)
† indicates extinction (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial&action=edit§ion=6)] See also
Metatheria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatheria)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsupial&action=edit§ion=7)] References
^ a (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-msw3a_0-0) b (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-msw3a_0-1) Gardner, Alfred (16 November 2005). Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. ed. Mammal Species of the World (http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3) (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press), 2 vols. (2142 pp.). pp. 3–21. ISBN (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) 978-0-8018-8221-0 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0). OCLC (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center) 62265494 (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494). http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3 (http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3).
^ a (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-msw3b_1-0) b (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-msw3b_1-1) Groves, C. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Groves) (2005). Wilson, D. E., & Reeder, D. M, eds. ed. Mammal Species of the World (http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3) (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press). pp. 22–70. OCLC (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center) 62265494 (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494). ISBN 0-801-88221-4 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801882214). http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3 (http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3).
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^ a (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-Dawkins2005_13-0) b (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-Dawkins2005_13-1) Dawkins, Richard (2005). The Ancestor's Tale : A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution (http://books.google.com/?id=rR9XPnaqvCMC&pg=PA223). Boston: Mariner Books. ISBN (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) 0-618-61916-X (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-61916-X). http://books.google.com/?id=rR9XPnaqvCMC&pg=PA223 (http://books.google.com/?id=rR9XPnaqvCMC&pg=PA223).
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^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-DaMR_19-0) [1] (http://www.biology.iastate.edu/InternationalTrips/1Australia/Australia%20papers/Discoveries%20about%20Marsupial%20Rep) Iowa State University Biology Dept. Discoveries about Marsupial Reproduction Anna King 2001. webpage] (note shows code, html extension omitted)
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-20) Sears, K. E. (2009). "Differences in the Timing of Prechondrogenic Limb Development in Mammals: The Marsupial-Placental Dichotomy Resolved". Evolution 63 (8): 2193–2200. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00690.x (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.2009.00690.x). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 19453378 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19453378).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial#cite_ref-21) Smith, K. K. (2001). "Early development of the neural plate, neural crest and facial region of marsupials". Journal of Anatomy 199 (Pt 1-2): 121–131. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910121.x (http://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-7580.2001.19910121.x). PMC (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central) 1594995 (http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1594995). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 11523813 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11523813).
Tim Flannery (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Flannery) (1994), The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People, pages 67–75 (http://books.google.com/books?id=eIW5aktgo0IC&pg=PA67). ISBN 0-8021-3943-4 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802139434) ISBN 0-7301-0422-2 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0730104222)
Tim Flannery, Country: a continent, a scientist & a kangaroo, pages 196–200. ISBN 1-920885-76-5 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1920885765)
Austin, C.R. ed. Reproduction in Mammals. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press,1982.
Bronson, F. H. Mammalian Reproductive Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.
Dawson, Terrence J. Kangaroos: Biology of Largest Marsupials. New York: Cornell University Press, 1995.
Frith, H. J. and J. H. Calaby. Kangaroos. New York: Humanities Press, 1969.
Gould, Edwin and George McKay. Encyclopedia of Mammals. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998.
Hunsaker, Don. The Biology of Marsupials. New York: Academic Press, 1977.
Johnson, Martin H. and Barry J. Everitt. Essential Reproduction. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1984.
Knobill, Ernst and Jimmy D. Neill ed. Encyclopedia of Reproduction. V. 3 New York: Academic Press, 1998
McCullough, Dale R. and Yvette McCullough. Kangaroos in Outback Australia: Comparative Ecology and Behavior of Three Coexisting Species. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
Taylor Andrea C., Sunnucks Paul (1997). "Sex of Pouch Young Related to Maternal Weight in Macropus eugeni and M. parma". Australian Journal of Zoology 45: 573–578. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1071/ZO97038 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1071%2FZO97038).
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Find more about Marsupial on Wikipedia's sister projects (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects):http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Marsupial)Definitions (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Marsupial) from Wiktionary
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png Data related to Marsupialia (http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Marsupialia) at Wikispecies (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wikibooks-logo-en.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en.svg.png (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg) Marsupialia (http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key) at Wikibooks (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikibooks).
The Marsupial Ring (http://www.naturalworlds.org/marsupialring/index.htm)
Western Australian Mammal Species (http://members.iinet.net.au/~foconnor/mammals/mammals.htm)
Researchers Publish First Marsupial Genome Sequence (http://www.genome.gov/25521146) The National Institutes of Health May 2007
First marsupial genome released. Most differences between the opossom and placental mammals stem from non-coding DNA (http://www.the-scientist.com/news/home/53187/)
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v (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mammals) · d (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mammals) · e (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Mammals&action=edit)Extant mammal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal) orders by infraclassKingdom Animalia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia) · Phylum Chordata (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordata) · Subphylum Vertebrata (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata) · (unranked) Amniota (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniote)Australosphenida (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australosphenida)Monotremata (Platypus and echidnas) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotreme)
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Ameridelphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameridelphia)
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Australidelphia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australidelphia)
Microbiotheria (Monito del Monte) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiotheria) · Notoryctemorphia (Marsupial moles) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_mole) · Dasyuromorphia (Quolls and dunnarts) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasyuromorphia) · Peramelemorphia (Bilbies and bandicoots) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peramelemorphia) · Diprotodontia (Kangaroos and relatives) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diprotodontia)
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Afrotheria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrotheria)
Afrosoricida (Tenrecs and golden moles) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrosoricida) · Macroscelidea (Elephant shrews) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_shrew) · Tubulidentata (Aardvark) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark) · Hyracoidea (Hyraxes) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrax) · Proboscidea (Elephants) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proboscidea) · Sirenia (Dugongs and manatees) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenia)
Laurasiatheria (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria)
Soricomorpha (Shrews and moles) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soricomorpha) · Erinaceomorpha (Hedgehogs and relatives) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinaceidae) · Chiroptera (Bats) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat) · Pholidota (Pangolins) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolin) · Carnivora (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora) · Perissodactyla (Odd-toed ungulates) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate) · Artiodactyla (Even-toed ungulates) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate) · Cetacea (Whales and dolphins) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacea)
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Олык Марий (http://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8F%D0%BD% D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA)
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Lincoln
06-26-2011, 11:39 PM
dat shit song is not good mayne, like fuck dat.!
DUNCANownsKOBE
06-26-2011, 11:46 PM
Bruno Mars is a great example if the emo n!ggers who have taken over hip hop.
Lincoln
06-26-2011, 11:52 PM
haha aint dat da truth nigga dok.!
badfish22
06-27-2011, 01:33 PM
^ I love when people that bitch about the mavkrew copy their shtick
lol DMC
badfish22
06-27-2011, 01:34 PM
Bruno Mars is a great example if the emo ######s who have taken over hip hop.
How is he emo? Hes more of a white night, always putting women on a pedestal. He annoys the fuck out of me.
DUNCANownsKOBE
06-27-2011, 01:40 PM
How is he emo?
I’d catch a grenade (:cry)for ya (yeah, yeah, yeah)
Throw my hand on a blade (the cutting feels so good :cry)for ya (yeah, yeah, yeah)
I’d jump in front of a train for ya (yeah, yeah , yeah)
You know I'd do anything for ya (yeah, yeah, yeah)
Oh, oh
I would go through all this pain (the pain :cry),
Take a bullet straight through my brain,
Yes, I would die for ya baby;
But you won't do the same (she won't even commit suicide for him :cry)
That's not emo to you?
Greg Oden
06-27-2011, 01:43 PM
These emo rappers need to get some Lil B swag.
DUNCANownsKOBE
06-27-2011, 01:45 PM
36 bitches and they call me Don Imus!
ClipshowDynasty
06-27-2011, 02:49 PM
I’d catch a grenade (:cry)for ya (yeah, yeah, yeah)
Throw my hand on a blade (the cutting feels so good :cry)for ya (yeah, yeah, yeah)
I’d jump in front of a train for ya (yeah, yeah , yeah)
You know I'd do anything for ya (yeah, yeah, yeah)
Oh, oh
I would go through all this pain (the pain :cry),
Take a bullet straight through my brain,
Yes, I would die for ya baby;
But you won't do the same (she won't even commit suicide for him :cry)
That's not emo to you?
:lmao :lmao :lmao
Stupid song about lazy black guy
racist
^ I love when people that bitch about the mavkrew copy their shtick
lol DMC
You aint old enough for anyone to have copied anything from you.
lol @ you thinking you invented the internet. Al Gore, is that you?
Axe Murderer
06-27-2011, 05:55 PM
DM, bringing the ":cry you guys are so immature :cry you need to get off the internet :cry" bads, par per etc
badfish22
06-27-2011, 05:57 PM
Don't forget I'm old!!
Why do you think this is a good thing?
lol old bastard.
sefant77
06-27-2011, 06:04 PM
Glans penis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Glans penis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Anteriorglanspenis.jpg/250px-Anteriorglanspenis.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anteriorglanspenis.jpg) Anterior view of the glans penis of an uncircumcised penis Latin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin) GraySubject = 262 Artery (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery) Urethral artery (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethral_artery) Dorlands/Elsevier (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier) Glans penis (http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/nine/000953185.htm) The glans penis (or simply glans) is the sensitive bulbous structure at the distal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal) end of the penis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penis). The glans penis is anatomically homologous (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous) to the clitoral glans (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoral_glans) of the female. When the penis is flaccid it is sometimes fully or partially covered by the foreskin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreskin), except in men who have been fully circumcised (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision).
The glans is also commonly referred to as the "head of the penis", while common British slang (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_slang) terms include "helmet," "knob end" and "bell end", all referring to its distinctive shape. The medical name comes from Latin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin) glans "acorn" + penis "of the penis" – the Latin genitive (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive) of this word has the same form as the nominative (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative).
Contents
[hide (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#)]
1 Medical considerations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#Medical_considerations)
2 Anatomical details (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#Anatomical_details)
3 See also (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#See_also)
4 References (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#References)
5 External links (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#External_links)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glans_penis&action=edit§ion=1)] Medical considerations
The meatus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_meatus) (opening) of the urethra is at the tip of the glans penis. In circumcised (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision) infants, the foreskin no longer protects the meatal area of the glans; consequently, when wearing diapers (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaper), there may be greater risk of developing meatitis, meatal ulceration, and meatal stenosis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatal_stenosis).[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-freud-0)
The epithelium of the glans penis is mucocutaneous tissue.[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-halata2-1) Birley et al. report that excessive washing with soap may dry the mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and cause non-specific dermatitis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis).[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-birley-2)
Inflammation of the glans penis is known as balanitis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanitis). It occurs in 3–11% of males, and up to 35% of diabetic males. It is more common among uncircumcised males.[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-edwards-3) It has many causes, including irritation, or infection with a wide variety of pathogens. Careful identification of the cause with the aid of patient history, physical examination, swabs and cultures, and biopsy are essential in order to determine the proper treatment.[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-edwards-3)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glans_penis&action=edit§ion=2)] Anatomical details
The glans penis is the expanded cap of the corpus spongiosum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_spongiosum). It is moulded on the rounded ends of the Corpores cavernosa penis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_cavernosum_penis), extending farther on their upper than on their lower surfaces. At the summit of the glans is the slit-like vertical external urethral orifice. The circumference of the base of the glans forms a rounded projecting border, the corona glandis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_glandis), overhanging a deep retroglandular sulcus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulcus_%28anatomy%29) (the coronal sulcus), behind which is the neck of the penis. The proportional size of the glans penis can vary greatly. On some penises it is much wider in circumference than the shaft, giving the penis a mushroom (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom)-like appearance, and on others it is narrower and more akin to a probe in shape. It has been suggested that the unique and unusual shape of the glans in humans has evolved to serve the function of "scooping" any remnant semen (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen) deposited by other rival males out of the deeper part of the vagina (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina) of a female who may have recently copulated, and thereby decreasing the chance of the rival male from impregnating the female.[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-gallup-4) Other theorists[who? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words)] suggest that its distinctive shape evolved to heighten the sexual pleasure experienced by the female during vaginal intercourse. In this theory, the glans increases friction and tension at the mouth of the vagina (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina) by its additional girth and the dilating properties of its probe-like shape.
The foreskin maintains the mucosa in a moist environment.[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-prakash-5) In males who have been circumcised (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision), the glans is permanently exposed and dry. Szabo and Short found that the glans of the circumcised penis does not develop a thicker keratinization layer.[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-szabo-6) Several studies have suggested that the glans is equally sensitive in circumcised and uncircumcised males,[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-masters-7)[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-bleustein-8)[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-bleustein2003-9)[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-payne2007-10) while others have reported that it is more sensitive in uncircumcised males[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-sorrels-11)[13] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-yang-12) (the interpretation of one of these studies is disputed[14] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-waskett2007-13)).
Halata & Munger (1986) report that the density of genital corpuscles (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_corpuscles) is greatest in the corona glandis,[15] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-halata1-14) while Yang & Bradley (1998) report that their study "showed no areas in the glans to be more densely innervated than others."[13] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-yang-12)
Halata & Spathe (1997) reported that "the glans penis contains a predominance of free nerve endings, numerous genital end bulbs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulboid_corpuscles) and rarely Pacinian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacinian_corpuscle) and Ruffinian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruffini_ending) corpuscles. Merkel nerve endings (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkel_nerve_ending) and Meissner's corpuscles (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner%27s_corpuscle) are not present."[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-halata2-1)
Yang & Bradley argue that "The distinct pattern of innervation of the glans emphasizes the role of the glans as a sensory structure".[13] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-yang-12)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glans_penis&action=edit§ion=3)] See also
Clitoris (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoris)
Corpus cavernosum penis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_cavernosum_penis)
Foreskin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreskin)
Frenulum of prepuce of penis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenulum_of_prepuce_of_penis)
Hirsuties papillaris genitalis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirsuties_papillaris_genitalis)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glans_penis&action=edit§ion=4)] References
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-freud_0-0) Freud, Paul (August 1947). "The ulcerated urethral meatus in male children" (http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/freud1/). The Journal of Pediatrics 31 (2): 131–41. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1016/S0022-3476(47)80098-8 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-3476%2847%2980098-8). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 20256409 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20256409). Retrieved 2006-07-07.
^ a (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-halata2_1-0) b (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-halata2_1-1) Halata, Zdenek; A. Spaethe (1997). "Sensory innervation of the human penis" (http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/halata2/). Advances in experimental medicine and biology 424: 265–6. PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 9361804 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9361804). Retrieved 2006-07-07.
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-birley_2-0) Birley, H. D.; M .M. Walker, G. A. Luzzi, R. Bell, D. Taylor-Robinson, M. Byrne, A. M. Renton & Tomas Nelson (October 1993). "Clinical features and management of recurrent balanitis; association with atopy and genital washing" (http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/balanitis/birley/). Genitourinary Medicine 69 (5): 400–3. PMC (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central) 1195128 (http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1195128). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 8244363 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8244363).
^ a (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-edwards_3-0) b (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-edwards_3-1) Edwards, Sarah (June 1996). "Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review" (http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/balanitis/edwards1/). Genitourinary Medicine 72 (3): 155–9. PMC (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central) 1195642 (http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1195642). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 8707315 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8707315).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-gallup_4-0) Gallup, Gordon; Rebecca L. Burch, Mary L. Zappieri, Rizwan A. Parvez, Malinda L. Stockwell, Jennifer A. Davis (July 2003). "The human penis as a semen displacement device" (http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/ens/article/PIIS1090513803000163/abstract). Evolution and Human Behavior 24 (4): 277–289. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1016/S1090-5138(03)00016-3 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1090-5138%2803%2900016-3).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-prakash_5-0) Prakash, Satya; Raghuram Rao, K. Venkatesan & S. Ramakrishnan (July 1982). "Sub-Preputial Wetness--Its Nature" (http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/prakash/). Annals of National Medical Science (India) 18 (3): 109–112.
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-szabo_6-0) Szabo, Robert; Roger V. Short (June 2000). "How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection?" (http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/320/7249/1592). British Medical Journal 320 (7249): 1592–4. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1136/bmj.320.7249.1592 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.320.7249.1592). PMC (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central) 1127372 (http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1127372). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 10845974 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10845974). Retrieved 2006-07-07.
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-masters_7-0) Masters, William H.; Virginia E. Johnson (1966). Human Sexual Response. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. pp. 189–91. ISBN (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) 0-316-54987-8 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-54987-8). (excerpt accessible here (http://www.circs.org/library/masters/))
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-bleustein_8-0) Bleustein, Clifford B.; James D. Fogarty, Haftan Eckholdt, Joseph C. Arezzo and Arnold Melman (April 2005). "Effect of neonatal circumcision on penile neurologic sensation". Urology 65 (4): 773–7. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1016/j.urology.2004.11.007 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.urology.2004.11.007). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 15833526 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15833526).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-bleustein2003_9-0) Bleustein, Clifford B.; Haftan Eckholdt, Joseph C. Arezzo and Arnold Melman (April 26-May 1, 2003). "Effects of Circumcision on Male Penile Sensitivity" (http://www.circs.org/library/bleustein/). American Urological Association 98th Annual Meeting. Chicago, Illinois.
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-payne2007_10-0) Payne, Kimberley; Thaler, Lea; Kukkonen, Tuuli; Carrier, Serge; and Binik, Yitzchak (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_M._Binik) (May 2007). "Sensation and Sexual Arousal in Circumcised and Uncircumcised Men" (http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00471.x). Journal of sexual medicine 4 (3): 667–674. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00471.x (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2007.00471.x). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 17419812 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17419812).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-sorrels_11-0) Sorrells (April 2007). "Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis" (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118508429/PDFSTART). British Journal of Urology International 99 (4): 864–869.
^ a (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-yang_12-0) b (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-yang_12-1) c (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-yang_12-2) Yang, DM; Lin H, Zhang B, Guo W (April 2008). "Circumcision affects glans penis vibration perception threshold". Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 14 (4): 328–330. PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 18481425 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18481425).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-waskett2007_13-0) Waskett, Jake H.; Brian J. Morris (May 2007). "Fine touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis" (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118508593/HTMLSTART). BJU International 99 (6): 1551–1552. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06970_6.x (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2007.06970_6.x). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 17537227 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17537227).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-halata1_14-0) Halata, Zdenek; Bryce L. Munger (April 1986). "The neuroanatomical basis for the protopathic sensibility of the human glans penis". Brain Research 371 (2): 205–30. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1016/0006-8993(86)90357-4 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-8993%2886%2990357-4). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 3697758 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3697758).
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glans_penis&action=edit§ion=5)] External links
SUNY Labs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY_Downstate_Medical_Center) 42:07-0102 (http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/labs/l42/070102.htm) - "The Male Perineum and the Penis: The Corpus Spongiosum and Corpora Cavernosa"
SUNY Labs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY_Downstate_Medical_Center) 44:06-0101 (http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/labs/l44/060101.htm) - "The Male Pelvis: The Urethra"
sefant77
06-27-2011, 06:05 PM
:downspin:
Isitjustme?
06-27-2011, 06:09 PM
^You should be able to do something better than that if you're trying to get yourself banned.
atxbuttknocker
06-27-2011, 06:10 PM
:hungry: Oh boy!
Glans penis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Glans penis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Anteriorglanspenis.jpg/250px-Anteriorglanspenis.jpg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anteriorglanspenis.jpg) Anterior view of the glans penis of an uncircumcised penis Latin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin) GraySubject = 262 Artery (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery) Urethral artery (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urethral_artery) Dorlands/Elsevier (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier) Glans penis (http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/nine/000953185.htm) The glans penis (or simply glans) is the sensitive bulbous structure at the distal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal) end of the penis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penis). The glans penis is anatomically homologous (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homologous) to the clitoral glans (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoral_glans) of the female. When the penis is flaccid it is sometimes fully or partially covered by the foreskin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreskin), except in men who have been fully circumcised (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision).
The glans is also commonly referred to as the "head of the penis", while common British slang (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_slang) terms include "helmet," "knob end" and "bell end", all referring to its distinctive shape. The medical name comes from Latin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin) glans "acorn" + penis "of the penis" – the Latin genitive (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive) of this word has the same form as the nominative (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative).
Contents
[hide (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#)]
1 Medical considerations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#Medical_considerations)
2 Anatomical details (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#Anatomical_details)
3 See also (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#See_also)
4 References (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#References)
5 External links (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#External_links)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glans_penis&action=edit§ion=1)] Medical considerations
The meatus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_meatus) (opening) of the urethra is at the tip of the glans penis. In circumcised (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision) infants, the foreskin no longer protects the meatal area of the glans; consequently, when wearing diapers (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaper), there may be greater risk of developing meatitis, meatal ulceration, and meatal stenosis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meatal_stenosis).[1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-freud-0)
The epithelium of the glans penis is mucocutaneous tissue.[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-halata2-1) Birley et al. report that excessive washing with soap may dry the mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and cause non-specific dermatitis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis).[3] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-birley-2)
Inflammation of the glans penis is known as balanitis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanitis). It occurs in 3–11% of males, and up to 35% of diabetic males. It is more common among uncircumcised males.[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-edwards-3) It has many causes, including irritation, or infection with a wide variety of pathogens. Careful identification of the cause with the aid of patient history, physical examination, swabs and cultures, and biopsy are essential in order to determine the proper treatment.[4] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-edwards-3)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glans_penis&action=edit§ion=2)] Anatomical details
The glans penis is the expanded cap of the corpus spongiosum (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_spongiosum). It is moulded on the rounded ends of the Corpores cavernosa penis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_cavernosum_penis), extending farther on their upper than on their lower surfaces. At the summit of the glans is the slit-like vertical external urethral orifice. The circumference of the base of the glans forms a rounded projecting border, the corona glandis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_glandis), overhanging a deep retroglandular sulcus (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulcus_%28anatomy%29) (the coronal sulcus), behind which is the neck of the penis. The proportional size of the glans penis can vary greatly. On some penises it is much wider in circumference than the shaft, giving the penis a mushroom (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom)-like appearance, and on others it is narrower and more akin to a probe in shape. It has been suggested that the unique and unusual shape of the glans in humans has evolved to serve the function of "scooping" any remnant semen (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen) deposited by other rival males out of the deeper part of the vagina (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina) of a female who may have recently copulated, and thereby decreasing the chance of the rival male from impregnating the female.[5] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-gallup-4) Other theorists[who? (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words)] suggest that its distinctive shape evolved to heighten the sexual pleasure experienced by the female during vaginal intercourse. In this theory, the glans increases friction and tension at the mouth of the vagina (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina) by its additional girth and the dilating properties of its probe-like shape.
The foreskin maintains the mucosa in a moist environment.[6] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-prakash-5) In males who have been circumcised (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision), the glans is permanently exposed and dry. Szabo and Short found that the glans of the circumcised penis does not develop a thicker keratinization layer.[7] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-szabo-6) Several studies have suggested that the glans is equally sensitive in circumcised and uncircumcised males,[8] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-masters-7)[9] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-bleustein-8)[10] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-bleustein2003-9)[11] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-payne2007-10) while others have reported that it is more sensitive in uncircumcised males[12] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-sorrels-11)[13] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-yang-12) (the interpretation of one of these studies is disputed[14] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-waskett2007-13)).
Halata & Munger (1986) report that the density of genital corpuscles (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_corpuscles) is greatest in the corona glandis,[15] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-halata1-14) while Yang & Bradley (1998) report that their study "showed no areas in the glans to be more densely innervated than others."[13] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-yang-12)
Halata & Spathe (1997) reported that "the glans penis contains a predominance of free nerve endings, numerous genital end bulbs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulboid_corpuscles) and rarely Pacinian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacinian_corpuscle) and Ruffinian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruffini_ending) corpuscles. Merkel nerve endings (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkel_nerve_ending) and Meissner's corpuscles (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner%27s_corpuscle) are not present."[2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-halata2-1)
Yang & Bradley argue that "The distinct pattern of innervation of the glans emphasizes the role of the glans as a sensory structure".[13] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_note-yang-12)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glans_penis&action=edit§ion=3)] See also
Clitoris (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoris)
Corpus cavernosum penis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_cavernosum_penis)
Foreskin (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreskin)
Frenulum of prepuce of penis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenulum_of_prepuce_of_penis)
Hirsuties papillaris genitalis (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirsuties_papillaris_genitalis)
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glans_penis&action=edit§ion=4)] References
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-freud_0-0) Freud, Paul (August 1947). "The ulcerated urethral meatus in male children" (http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/freud1/). The Journal of Pediatrics 31 (2): 131–41. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1016/S0022-3476(47)80098-8 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-3476%2847%2980098-8). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 20256409 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20256409). Retrieved 2006-07-07.
^ a (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-halata2_1-0) b (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-halata2_1-1) Halata, Zdenek; A. Spaethe (1997). "Sensory innervation of the human penis" (http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/halata2/). Advances in experimental medicine and biology 424: 265–6. PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 9361804 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9361804). Retrieved 2006-07-07.
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-birley_2-0) Birley, H. D.; M .M. Walker, G. A. Luzzi, R. Bell, D. Taylor-Robinson, M. Byrne, A. M. Renton & Tomas Nelson (October 1993). "Clinical features and management of recurrent balanitis; association with atopy and genital washing" (http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/balanitis/birley/). Genitourinary Medicine 69 (5): 400–3. PMC (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central) 1195128 (http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1195128). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 8244363 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8244363).
^ a (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-edwards_3-0) b (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-edwards_3-1) Edwards, Sarah (June 1996). "Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review" (http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/balanitis/edwards1/). Genitourinary Medicine 72 (3): 155–9. PMC (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central) 1195642 (http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1195642). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 8707315 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8707315).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-gallup_4-0) Gallup, Gordon; Rebecca L. Burch, Mary L. Zappieri, Rizwan A. Parvez, Malinda L. Stockwell, Jennifer A. Davis (July 2003). "The human penis as a semen displacement device" (http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/ens/article/PIIS1090513803000163/abstract). Evolution and Human Behavior 24 (4): 277–289. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1016/S1090-5138(03)00016-3 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1090-5138%2803%2900016-3).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-prakash_5-0) Prakash, Satya; Raghuram Rao, K. Venkatesan & S. Ramakrishnan (July 1982). "Sub-Preputial Wetness--Its Nature" (http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/prakash/). Annals of National Medical Science (India) 18 (3): 109–112.
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-szabo_6-0) Szabo, Robert; Roger V. Short (June 2000). "How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection?" (http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/320/7249/1592). British Medical Journal 320 (7249): 1592–4. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1136/bmj.320.7249.1592 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.320.7249.1592). PMC (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central) 1127372 (http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1127372). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 10845974 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10845974). Retrieved 2006-07-07.
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-masters_7-0) Masters, William H.; Virginia E. Johnson (1966). Human Sexual Response. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. pp. 189–91. ISBN (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) 0-316-54987-8 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-54987-8). (excerpt accessible here (http://www.circs.org/library/masters/))
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-bleustein_8-0) Bleustein, Clifford B.; James D. Fogarty, Haftan Eckholdt, Joseph C. Arezzo and Arnold Melman (April 2005). "Effect of neonatal circumcision on penile neurologic sensation". Urology 65 (4): 773–7. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1016/j.urology.2004.11.007 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.urology.2004.11.007). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 15833526 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15833526).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-bleustein2003_9-0) Bleustein, Clifford B.; Haftan Eckholdt, Joseph C. Arezzo and Arnold Melman (April 26-May 1, 2003). "Effects of Circumcision on Male Penile Sensitivity" (http://www.circs.org/library/bleustein/). American Urological Association 98th Annual Meeting. Chicago, Illinois.
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-payne2007_10-0) Payne, Kimberley; Thaler, Lea; Kukkonen, Tuuli; Carrier, Serge; and Binik, Yitzchak (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_M._Binik) (May 2007). "Sensation and Sexual Arousal in Circumcised and Uncircumcised Men" (http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00471.x). Journal of sexual medicine 4 (3): 667–674. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00471.x (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1743-6109.2007.00471.x). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 17419812 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17419812).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-sorrels_11-0) Sorrells (April 2007). "Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis" (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118508429/PDFSTART). British Journal of Urology International 99 (4): 864–869.
^ a (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-yang_12-0) b (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-yang_12-1) c (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-yang_12-2) Yang, DM; Lin H, Zhang B, Guo W (April 2008). "Circumcision affects glans penis vibration perception threshold". Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 14 (4): 328–330. PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 18481425 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18481425).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-waskett2007_13-0) Waskett, Jake H.; Brian J. Morris (May 2007). "Fine touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis" (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118508593/HTMLSTART). BJU International 99 (6): 1551–1552. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06970_6.x (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2007.06970_6.x). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 17537227 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17537227).
^ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glans_penis#cite_ref-halata1_14-0) Halata, Zdenek; Bryce L. Munger (April 1986). "The neuroanatomical basis for the protopathic sensibility of the human glans penis". Brain Research 371 (2): 205–30. doi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier):10.1016/0006-8993(86)90357-4 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-8993%2886%2990357-4). PMID (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier) 3697758 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3697758).
[edit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glans_penis&action=edit§ion=5)] External links
SUNY Labs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY_Downstate_Medical_Center) 42:07-0102 (http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/labs/l42/070102.htm) - "The Male Perineum and the Penis: The Corpus Spongiosum and Corpora Cavernosa"
SUNY Labs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY_Downstate_Medical_Center) 44:06-0101 (http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/labs/l44/060101.htm) - "The Male Pelvis: The Urethra"
This thread just took an exciting turn!
CubanSucks
06-27-2011, 06:31 PM
btw, I'm pretty sure it's "so leave a message at the tone" not "after da tone"
you don't have to listen to the song more than once to know that. Just thought I'd say that before this thread gets closed
Frenzy
06-27-2011, 07:38 PM
:ban:
:hungry: Oh boy!
This thread just took an exciting turn!
:lmao
NewcastleKEG
06-27-2011, 07:51 PM
Turn or curve?
OH NO!
Why do you think this is a good thing?
lol old bastard.
lol
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