Project MKULTRA
Declassified MKULTRA do ents
Project MK-ULTRA, or
MKULTRA, was the code name for a covert
CIA mind-control and
chemical interrogation research program, run by the
Office of Scientific Intelligence. The program began in the early 1950s, continuing at least through the late 1960s, and it used United States citizens as its test subjects.
[1][2][3] The published evidence indicates that Project MK-ULTRA involved the surrep ious use of many types of drugs, as well as other methods, to manipulate individual mental states and to alter brain function.
Project MK-ULTRA was first brought to wide public attention in 1975 by the
U.S. Congress, through investigations by the
Church Committee, and by a presidential commission known as the
Rockefeller Commission. Investigative efforts were hampered by the fact that CIA Director
Richard Helms ordered all MK-ULTRA files destroyed in 1973; the Church Committee and Rockefeller Commission investigations relied on the sworn testimony of direct participants and on the relatively small number of do ents that survived Helms' destruction order.
[4]
Although the CIA insists that MK-ULTRA-type experiments have been abandoned, 14-year CIA veteran
Victor Marchetti has stated in various interviews that the CIA routinely conducts disinformation campaigns and that CIA
mind control research continued. In a 1977 interview, Marchetti specifically called the CIA claim that MK-ULTRA was abandoned a "cover story."
[5][6]
On the Senate floor in 1977, Senator
Ted Kennedy said:
The Deputy Director of the CIA revealed that over thirty universities and ins utions were involved in an "extensive testing and experimentation" program which included covert drug tests on unwitting citizens "at all social levels, high and low, native Americans and foreign." Several of these tests involved the administration of
LSD to "unwitting subjects in social situations." At least one death, that of
Dr. Olson, resulted from these activities. The Agency itself acknowledged that these tests made little scientific sense. The agents doing the monitoring were not qualified scientific observers.
[7]To this day most specific information regarding Project MKULTRA remains highly
classified.[
citation needed]
Contents
Dr. Sidney Gottlieb approved of an MKULTRA subproject on
LSD in this June 9, 1953 letter.
The project's intentionally oblique
CIA cryptonym is made up of the digraph
MK, meaning that the project was sponsored by the agency's
Technical Services Division, followed by the word
ULTRA (which had previously been used to designate the most secret classification of
World War II intelligence). Other related cryptonyms include
MK-NAOMI and
MK-DELTA.
A precursor of the MK-ULTRA program began in 1945 when the
Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency was established and given direct responsibility for
Operation Paperclip. Operation Paperclip was a program to recruit former
Nazi scientists. Some of these scientists studied
torture and
brainwashing, and several had just been identified and prosecuted as
war criminals during the
Nuremberg Trials.
[8][9]
Several secret U.S. government projects grew out of Operation Paperclip. These projects included
Project CHATTER (established 1947), and
Project BLUEBIRD (established 1950), which was later renamed to
Project ARTICHOKE in 1951. Their purpose was to study mind-control, interrogation, behavior modification and related topics.
Headed by
Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, the MK-ULTRA project was started on the order of CIA director
Allen Dulles on April 13, 1953,
[10] largely in response to
Soviet,
Chinese, and
North Korean use of
mind-control techniques on U.S.
prisoners of war in
Korea.
[11] The CIA wanted to use similar methods on their own captives. The CIA was also interested in being able to manipulate foreign leaders with such techniques,
[12] and would later invent several schemes to drug
Fidel Castro.
Experiments were often conducted without the subjects' knowledge or consent.
[13] In some cases, academic researchers being funded through grants from CIA front organizations were unaware that their work was being used for these purposes.
[14]
In 1964, the project was renamed MK-SEARCH. The project attempted to produce a perfect
truth drug for use in interrogating suspected Soviet spies during the
Cold War, and generally to explore any other possibilities of mind control.
Another MK-ULTRA effort, Subproject 54, was the Navy's top secret "Perfect Concussion" program, which used sub-aural frequency blasts to erase memory.
[15]
Because most MK-ULTRA records were deliberately destroyed in 1973 by order of then CIA Director
Richard Helms, it has been difficult, if not impossible, for investigators to gain a complete understanding of the more than 150 individually funded research sub-projects sponsored by MK-ULTRA and related CIA programs.
[16]
[edit] Goals
The Agency poured millions of dollars into studies probing dozens of methods of influencing and controlling the mind. One 1955 MK-ULTRA do ent gives an indication of the size and range of the effort; this do ent refers to the study of an assortment of mind-altering substances described as follows:
[17]
- Substances which will promote illogical thinking and impulsiveness to the point where the recipient would be discredited in public.
- Substances which increase the efficiency of mentation and perception.
- Materials which will prevent or counteract the intoxicating effect of alcohol.
- Materials which will promote the intoxicating effect of alcohol.
- Materials which will produce the signs and symptoms of recognized diseases in a reversible way so that they may be used for malingering, etc.
- Materials which will render the induction of hypnosis easier or otherwise enhance its usefulness.
- Substances which will enhance the ability of individuals to withstand privation, torture and coercion during interrogation and so-called "brain-washing".
- Materials and physical methods which will produce amnesia for events preceding and during their use.
- Physical methods of producing shock and confusion over extended periods of time and capable of surrep ious use.
- Substances which produce physical disablement such as paralysis of the legs, acute anemia, etc.
- Substances which will produce "pure" euphoria with no subsequent let-down.
- Substances which alter personality structure in such a way that the tendency of the recipient to become dependent upon another person is enhanced.
- A material which will cause mental confusion of such a type that the individual under its influence will find it difficult to maintain a fabrication under questioning.
- Substances which will lower the ambition and general working efficiency of men when administered in undetectable amounts.
- Substances which promote weakness or distortion of the eyesight or hearing faculties, preferably without permanent effects.
- A knockout pill which can surrep iously be administered in drinks, food, cigarettes, as an aerosol, etc., which will be safe to use, provide a maximum of amnesia, and be suitable for use by agent types on an ad hoc basis.
- A material which can be surrep iously administered by the above routes and which in very small amounts will make it impossible for a man to perform any physical activity whatsoever.
Historians have asserted that creating a "
Manchurian Candidate" subject through "mind control" techniques was a goal of MK-ULTRA and related CIA projects