While the 14th Amendment was primarily intended to overrule
Dred Scott and make sure that freed slaves and their children were granted U.S. citizenship, it was not limited to freed slaves.
Congressional debate of the Citizenship Clause included lengthy debate over Native Americans, Chinese immigrants in California, and Gypsies.
Sen. Edgar Cowan of Pennsylvania, a raging racist who voted against the 14th Amendment,
expressed his concerns during debate that the people of California would be "overrun by a flood of immigration of the Mongol race," and "Therefore I think, before we assert broadly that everybody who shall be born in the United States shall be taken to be a citizen of the United States, we ought to exclude others besides Indians not taxed, because I look upon Indians not taxed as being much less dangerous and much less pestiferous to society than I look upon Gypsies."