This seems like a legitimate question. So I am going to try and answer it without the sarcasm and insults I often use. Lets start with some explanation before getting into gas prices. This might be a TLDR post, but it is really gonna take that to explain. Skip to the end if you want.
Classical economic theory has often been proven wrong. Up until the 1990's economists were convinced that an increase in the minimum wage would automatically lead to an increase in unemployment. As we got better data, that simply proved to not necessarily be true. You may remember the supply curve, the demand curve, and the equilibrium point that at intersection that determines price and quan y. Set a price ceiling below the equilibrium point and all of a sudden you have a shortage. Set a price floor and you have a surplus. However, the labor market is very different than the product market. Labor is inelastic....the percentage increase in unemployment is far less than a percentage increase in the minimum wage. This is combined with the fact that their is a decrease in the marginal expense of hiring workers means that a small increase in the minimum wage can actually lead to an increase in employment. However, an incredibly large increase (or strictly binding) would still produce the same effects that classical theory predicts.
Lets take some silly number that even liberal economists wouldn't even recommend for a minimum wage. 30 dollars an hour. (Honestly about the highest you see recommended by some of the most brilliant liberal economists is around 14...and I think that is way too high.) We can all see how that would cause unemployment. My point with this tangent is that classical theory still applies to highly inelastic markets with many many variables, but when it comes to marginal increases it doesn't necessarily hold.
The product market though is far different. For the most part it is much more elastic, and compe ion is much more present. If classical theory still applies to the labor market, surely it holds in the product market which has many more of the assumptions necessary for classical theory application i.e. perfect compe ion. Now there are very few markets that meet the criteria for that assumption. Grain, corn, commodities, etc. But gasoline is pretty damn close.
There are 3 basic pricing mechanisms for gasoline prices. Sticky prices, cost based pricing, and Edgeworth price cycles and Intertemporal Price Discrimination. Sticky pricing basically means that prices rise quickly to accommodate increased demand or decreased supply, but fall slowly when the opposite happens. You are more likely to see this when you only have a few firms competing. Cost Based pricing is generally a function of implied price fixing. Basically everyone prices just above cost. This price fixing is fine because there is no implicit agreement by compe ors to price higher above cost. Besides, price wars often break out which is good for consumers. And then there are Edgeworth cycles which is a really cool thing that you don't see much in the US, but it pisses consumers off because they think they are getting screwed, when in fact it is a function of a highly compe ive model with one large firm, many small firms...and they are actually far better off.
My point is that retail gasoline is not ripping you off. They are not a monopoly. They can't be a monopoly because barriers to entry are relatively low. All three of the pricing structures are subject to supply and demand...a monopoly in a small town can't jack up prices too high because compe ion will spring up.
Now lets also differentiate between macroeconomic theory and microeconomic theory. Liberal economists, Conservative economists, and Libertarian economists often disagree when it comes to macro policy. But there is very little disagreement when it comes to micro...even the damn Austrian school economists agree and they hate math. And retail gasoline is definitely a micro phenomenon. And because of the low barriers to entry no natural monopoly exists.
So what happens when you set a price ceilings on gas? You get shortages. Look at the 1970s. We saw and experienced those shortages, and we also experienced the natural rationing process that went into them. Rationing means a longer wait to get needed supplies (longer waits mean more people in a city while a natural disaster approaches.) Shortages means not enough gas to go around to everyone. (More people are stuck in the city without the ability to get gasoline). Low prices means that people are topping off their gas tanks when they already have enough gas to leave. It means that families are taking their belongings instead of taking their neighbors and combining their funds to afford that natural increase in price resulting from the increase in demand.
The problem with so many people is that they think (jacking up the price) means businesses are taking advantage of people, when they are simply responding to an increase in demand. This a natural rationing, and it is far better than the alternative. And I have not even gotten into the black market consequences.
Ultimately, price gouging laws are absolute dog .
Sincerely,
ter McGee