A diversity of small-scale ins utions is the means of maintaining pluralism on the large scale, and the intermediary ins utions beloved by traditional conservatives fit this bill. But again, one cannot take the health and survival of these ins utions for granted. If they disintegrate, the foundations of cons utional pluralism are undermined. From above, these ins utions are menaced by national power. From below, they are threatened by atomization, an entropic individualism that breaks down small-scale ins utions into a genized mass of elementary particles. Not only are individuals cut loose from ins utions unlikely to be able to mount the kind of power necessary to resist encroachments from above, but the decay of civil society may leave a hunger for “community” that national power (or national
ism) swoops in to fill. Robert Nisbet has described this risk in
The Quest for Community and elsewhere.
The Madisonian system, then, is jeopardized from three directions: from consolidated national power, from binary oppositions that take on national proportions, and from social entropy. All of these are potent forces, and even if they chip away at cons utional pluralism only gradually, over time they will still destroy the edifice.
Does pluralism have any defense? Patrick Deneen has been willing to contemplate “
subsidizing localism.” But this calls to mind a warning from Nisbet in his 1978 essay “The Dilemma of Conservatives in a Populist Society”:
The same rush to Washington, D.C. for handouts or participation in the power structure is to be seen elsewhere: in the universities and schools; in the churches – eager for some new tax exemption or to promote some new welfare reform; in the labor unions; in just about every sector indeed of American society. The family is important: there must, therefore, be a plethora of Federal laws and agencies protecting women and children. The local community is important: there must, therefore, be a vast community redevelopment act passed by Congress and an appropriate bureau established. So it goes. Given present currents, one has the sense that if the move toward decentralization and localism did become major, it would culminate in some new Federal Bureau or Department, doubtless led “Department of Decentralization and Localism.” But I am being cynical. The dilemma of the conservative is, however, a very real one. The great question that must be faced and answered by conservatives is that of the relevance in our time of such values as the family, neighborhood, locality, religion, social rank, voluntary association, and, alone making these possible, limited political government.