The official unemployment rates is 6.8%, which dramatically understates the severity of the problem, BUT it does make clear that a minority of people actually need money ASAP. The major economic wreckage is principally a result of both lockdowns and changes in consumer behavior as a result of COVID -- and not necessary because people don't have money in their pockets to spend at certain businesses. In fact, the NY Times article you cited indicated that earlier in the year people did have money in their pocket and yet the businesses directly impacted by COVID the most were still crushed. Airlines, movie theaters, dry cleaners, the local nail salon, etc. etc. etc. are losing business because of safety precautions related to COVID and more stimulus to consumers will have little impact on them.
One time stimulus checks are an expensive way of not even really solving this issue. The most effective use of tax payer funds would be to target those actually filing for unemployment benefits even if it's not perfect it's still a more efficient use of tax payer funds.