Scientific American did a cover-to-cover analysis of transitioning all electricity away from fossil fuels.
Conclusion: Doable, but at great initial expense. Based mostly on massive, new nuclear power plants that self-recycle spent uranium/plutonium (instead of current plants that have to store this unstable byproduct for 100s of years). Our government has never opened "The Mountain" and most likely never will, so that would need to change.
Nuclear technology has come a looooooooong way since the reactors that were built in the 70s (which still operate today). Far safer, far more efficent, produce more electricity and less waste, etc. But the moratorium our government put on new reactors looks to never be lifted.
France, of all countries, produces ~70% of their power via nuclear power. But they also have a serious disposal problem. For awhile, I believe Germany was taking it off their hands (and Britain's), but they recently told them both "Nein!" Both countries dont have the USAs landmass and open areas for safe storage.
Another thing SciAm mentioned, is that science is getting extremely close to being able to separate the long-lasting, highly-radioactive materials (unspent uranium and plutonium) from the fission products (spent uranium). Right now, both products are kept together in casks that must be stored for about 100 years before they cool enough to store "anywhere else". Typical nuclear waste is 99% fission byproduct and 1% highly radioactive, half-life plutonium/uranium.
Basically, 99% of the waste could potentially only be stored for about 100 years and the other 1% would have to be stored much, much longer (or be recycled, but thats another issue).
There are a lot of hurdles and an aging infrastructure of reactors that dont pass the test anymore. The new reactors go well into the billions for each.
It would seem our plan is to wait and see. How long can we squeeze coal and oil to power our nation? Who knows, I dont. Neither does anyone else, at least no one can come to a consensus. We'd just better hope someone finally gets cold fusion to work or can convert solar power at a 90% efficency soon.
BTW, sorry for the lack of technical terms. The uranium/plutonium byproduct has a very specific name as does the fission byproducts. I dont remember them, nor do I remember The Mountain's name (like Yucca-something). I never retain anything I read, thus why I never liked school.